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Although much has been written about the theological
[#permalink]
09 Jul 2009, 04:26
Although much has been written about the theological conflicts with Darwinian theory, little is known of the powerful scientific objections that modified Darwin’s beliefs. During Darwin’s lifetime, the accepted theory of heredity was not Mendel’s theory of particulate inheritance, which, though published, was unrecognized, but the theory of blending inheritance, which holds that forms intermediate between those of the parents result from mating. Jenkin pointed out that if a rare and favorable mutation occurred, it would soon be blended out by repeated crossings from the wild-type form. Disputing Darwin’s conception of evolution as proceeding through the natural selection of those with slightly better characteristics that arose randomly, Jenkin concluded that natural selection could not account for the tremendous diversity of life, hypothesizing that large numbers of organisms mutated simultaneously in the same direction-a controlled orthogenetic process resembling a series of "special creations." Since "special creationism" was an ideological target of his, Darwin found himself in a quandary. Although he did not abandon his theory, he admitted that natural selection played a much smaller part in evolution than he had previously claimed. He also embraced the Lamarckian concept that acquired traits in parents are transmitted to their offspring, thus providing a mechanism by which an entire population could change in the same direction at once. Another potent objection came from the physicists led by Lord Kelvin, who contested the assumption of previous geologists and biologists that life had existed for billions of years, if not infinitely. How, they asked, could evolution proceed by slow steps in millions of years, and how could advanced forms recently evolved show such great differences? The Kelvinists, basing their conclusion on the assumption that the sun was an incandescent liquid mass rapidly radiating heat, calculated that the age of the earth was between 20 and 40 million years. Admitting that their calculations were correct and their premises rational, Darwin was forced to adjust this theory. He proposed that change had occurred much more rapidly in the past than in the present, where species seemed static, and that more advanced forms varied more rapidly than lower forms. This provided further reason to advocate Lamarck’s theory of inheritance, because that could account for the rapid change. Interestingly, both these retreats of Darwin were later shown to be faulty. The discovery that the sun runs on a nearly infinite amount of atomic fuel totally invalidated Kelvin’s argument, Mendel was "rediscovered" in the twentieth century, when it was pointed out that the particulate nature of inheritance meant that favorable mutation not only could persist, but could rapidly become prevalent.
9. All of the following can be reasonably inferred from the passage EXCEPT:
1 Darwin was the only scientist of his day who believed in natural selection. 2 The idea that evolution occurs by means of natural selection was not widely accepted until the twentieth century. 3 Darwin’s theories were originally predicated on the assumption that the earth is more than 40 million years old. 4 Many of Darwin’s ideas about heredity were later shown to be incorrect. 5 Other scientists of Darwin’s time, including both Jenkin and Lamarck, believed in evolution.
Oa answer is 1. but why ?
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Re: Although much has been written about the theological
[#permalink]
10 Jul 2009, 06:00
adiraju wrote:
Although much has been written about the theological conflicts with Darwinian theory, little is known of the powerful scientific objections that modified Darwin’s beliefs. During Darwin’s lifetime, the accepted theory of heredity was not Mendel’s theory of particulate inheritance, which, though published, was unrecognized, but the theory of blending inheritance, which holds that forms intermediate between those of the parents result from mating. Jenkin pointed out that if a rare and favorable mutation occurred, it would soon be blended out by repeated crossings from the wild-type form. Disputing Darwin’s conception of evolution as proceeding through the natural selection of those with slightly better characteristics that arose randomly, Jenkin concluded that natural selection could not account for the tremendous diversity of life, hypothesizing that large numbers of organisms mutated simultaneously in the same direction-a controlled orthogenetic process resembling a series of "special creations." Since "special creationism" was an ideological target of his, Darwin found himself in a quandary. Although he did not abandon his theory, he admitted that natural selection played a much smaller part in evolution than he had previously claimed. He also embraced the Lamarckian concept that acquired traits in parents are transmitted to their offspring, thus providing a mechanism by which an entire population could change in the same direction at once. Another potent objection came from the physicists led by Lord Kelvin, who contested the assumption of previous geologists and biologists that life had existed for billions of years, if not infinitely. How, they asked, could evolution proceed by slow steps in millions of years, and how could advanced forms recently evolved show such great differences? The Kelvinists, basing their conclusion on the assumption that the sun was an incandescent liquid mass rapidly radiating heat, calculated that the age of the earth was between 20 and 40 million years. Admitting that their calculations were correct and their premises rational, Darwin was forced to adjust this theory. He proposed that change had occurred much more rapidly in the past than in the present, where species seemed static, and that more advanced forms varied more rapidly than lower forms. This provided further reason to advocate Lamarck’s theory of inheritance, because that could account for the rapid change. Interestingly, both these retreats of Darwin were later shown to be faulty. The discovery that the sun runs on a nearly infinite amount of atomic fuel totally invalidated Kelvin’s argument, Mendel was "rediscovered" in the twentieth century, when it was pointed out that the particulate nature of inheritance meant that favorable mutation not only could persist, but could rapidly become prevalent.
9. All of the following can be reasonably inferred from the passage EXCEPT:
1 Darwin was the only scientist of his day who believed in natural selection. 2 The idea that evolution occurs by means of natural selection was not widely accepted until the twentieth century. 3 Darwin’s theories were originally predicated on the assumption that the earth is more than 40 million years old. 4 Many of Darwin’s ideas about heredity were later shown to be incorrect. 5 Other scientists of Darwin’s time, including both Jenkin and Lamarck, believed in evolution.
Oa answer is 1. but why ?
Because it is true that none of the scientists from the passage believed in natural selection but it might be possible that there are some other guys who believed in natural selection and are not discussed in the passage. So, from this passage we cannot infer that ONLY Darwin among all the scientists of his day believed in NS.. HTH
Re: Although much has been written about the theological
[#permalink]
24 Aug 2015, 22:25
Explanations : (We need to carefully read the language of the question - Reasonably Inferred = implied meaning). All the options can be implied from the passage except one.
A. Cannot prove based on the informtation given. (Let us try to ELIMINATE other options - elimination strategy)
B. As mentioned in the last paragraph. The two retreats were shown to be faulty (in the twentieth century).
C. Kelvinists calculated the age of the earth between 20 to 40 million years. This impies that Darwin's theory assumed that earth is more than 40 million years old.
D. Darwin later agreed that the calculations of Kevin & Jenkin were coorect and that he adjusted his theory. Based on this understanding, we can say that Darwin's ideas of heredity were shown to be incorrect.
E. As mentioned in the first paragraph, other scientists believed in the evolution. They differ from Darwin in the way evolution is carried.
Re: Although much has been written about the theological
[#permalink]
07 Aug 2018, 00:34
Expert Reply
shrupk wrote:
What is the source of this passage?
This seems like a very old passage and also the source is not available. I would advice you to try passages that have a source and relatively new. If you search through the forum, you should find plenty.
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This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
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Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
gmatclubot
Re: Although much has been written about the theological [#permalink]