9. Beavers use twigs to construct dams. Different regional populations of beavers will use different techniques for constructing dams. Researchers studying beaver construction techniques have found that regional populations of beavers use different construction techniques. Researchers have concluded that these building techniques are culturally based rather than genetic. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?

(A) Studies have shown that beavers are nearly as intelligent as dogs.
(B) Young beavers cannot build dams alone and carefully mimic how their parents build them.
(C) The dams built vary in their effectiveness in holding back water levels depending on a region's rainfall level.
(D) Beaver populations are often located in mountainous regions that isolate population groups.
(E) The dam construction is primarily based on the water flow rates in specific regions.





10. All biology professors, except for Simmons, are Darwinists. From which of the following can the statement above be most properly inferred?

A) Except for Simmons, if someone is a Darwinist biology professor, then he or she is a biology professor.
B) Simmons is the only non-biology professor who is an darwinist.
C) If a biology professor is a Darwinist, then he or she is a biology professor, as long as he or she is not Simmons.
D) Simmons is not a Darwinist biology professor.
E) Aside from the biology professors Simmons, if someone is a biology professor, then he or she is a Darwinist.







11. The judge told the criminal defendant, "You are consistently deceitful and cannot be trusted. Once you begin speaking honestly, I will begin believing you.тАЭ Which of the following is assumed by the JudgeтАЩs statement?

A) The judge has explained what is wrong about lying.
B) The judge has determined that the defendant knows what a lie is.
C) The judge knows when the defendant has been truthful.
D) The judge is routinely truthful with her defendant.
E) The judge believes the defendant ultimately will tell the truth.

B
E
C

Choice (B) provides the necessary information because it shows that the process of building dams is learned and not inherited. Choice (A) establishes that traits could be passed on culturally, but does not establish that this takes place. (D) the isolation of population groups could support both a genetic and cultural basis of passing on building techniques. (C) and (E) are not relevant to how the information is passed on to future generations.


(E) The question stem asks you to pick the choice from which the statement can be derived, and that's (E). If, as (E) says, anyone who is a biology professor is an Darwinist except for the biology professor Simmons, then all biology professors except for Simmons are Darwinists. That being the case, it would certainly be true that, as the stimulus says, with the exception of Simmons, all biology professors, being a subset of all professors, are Darwinists. If you take the logic of the statement, that is the logical implication.



(C) The judge will have to be able to tell when the defendant is lying or telling the truth.


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