This is weird problem What's the source?

1st the easy eliminations ->

B. Companies, investors, along with governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if it is to defend against future economic crises.

it cant refer to Companies, investors and governments - Bye bye B

C. Companies, as well as investors and governments, must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if they are to defend from future economic crises.

as well as cannot be replace COMMA or AND ; also the correct Idiom is Defend against not defend from - KILL C

D. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if these are to defend from future economic crises.

these cannot be used as a pronoun - "these" are mostly used as an adjective for example these cars, these trees etc

Now between A and E

A. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if they are to defend against future economic crises.
E. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if future economic crises are to be defended.

E changes the meaning of the sentence saying that it's not the Companies, investors, and governments are defending economic crises - it's some1 else who is doing it,as the sentence is written in passive voice. This is not the intent of the sentence and original says Companies, investors, and governments are fighting it.

Now on to A -> A is all OK, you might think "they" is ambiguous but "they" clearly refers to " companies, investors, and governments " For example

Tanya and Zeba will to the party, if they hear back from their dates. Similar construction is followed in A!

Pls do write back if you have any questions!

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt
(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of
(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting
(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

Try this one!
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This is gotta be C because

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt
IN that is wrong - In that used for limiting statements; but the sentence is showing how these states are imposing pollution control

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of
states are not placing control on truck; they are placing controls from both pollution from truck and bus engines

(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
CORRECT

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting
For imposing is not OK; to show the intent "to +verb" works well

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of
For imposing is not OK; to show the intent "to +verb" works well

cheers

Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if they are to defend against future economic crises.

A. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if they are to defend against future economic crises.
B. Companies, investors, along with governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if it is to defend against future economic crises. SVA issue
C. Companies, as well as investors and governments, must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if they are to defend from future economic crises. meaning issue
D. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if these are to defend from future economic crises. They should be used instead of that
E. Companies, investors, and governments must relearn the guiding principles of value creation if future economic crises are to be defended. passive construction
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