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Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack [#permalink]
 01 Jul 2008, 15:53
Question Stats:
100% (02:10) correct
0% (00:00) wrong based on 0 sessions
Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business
I got this wrong.... can you please post answers with explanations?
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
01 Jul 2008, 17:07
I go for B, which is concise and uses the modifiers properly.
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
03 Jul 2008, 13:07
OA is B
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
16 Apr 2010, 23:34
IMO B. Clues: 1. A is wrong as "which already are a cost to business of" is incorrect usage. 2. the effects of drug and alcohol abuse [plural] - COST is required. So, C and E out. 3. D is wrong because initial non-underlined part "the use....is growing" which indicates it requires an adverb to indicate the emphasis and also u can see ", and already costing business" part in the end which add another clause rather than a modified form.
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
07 Jun 2010, 21:58
i do not quite agree with reason for DE.
DE is wrong because the there is a separate clause after ‘and’ in which ‘and’ is preceded by a comma. hence, the second clause must have a subject. Besides ‘significantly’ is required over here because an adverb pattern is predered here. E also has S-V problem
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
07 Jun 2010, 22:53
Thanks in B what is the antecedent of "which" ? Is this an exception from the rule we follow for which? (B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business ykaiim wrote: IMO B.
Clues:
1. A is wrong as "which already are a cost to business of" is incorrect usage.
2. the effects of drug and alcohol abuse [plural] - COST is required. So, C and E out.
3. D is wrong because initial non-underlined part "the use....is growing" which indicates it requires an adverb to indicate the emphasis and also u can see ", and already costing business" part in the end which add another clause rather than a modified form.
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 00:09
No, it's not an exception. WHICH refers to THE EFFECTS. nusmavrik wrote: Thanks in B what is the antecedent of "which" ? Is this an exception from the rule we follow for which? (B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business ykaiim wrote: IMO B.
Clues:
1. A is wrong as "which already are a cost to business of" is incorrect usage.
2. the effects of drug and alcohol abuse [plural] - COST is required. So, C and E out.
3. D is wrong because initial non-underlined part "the use....is growing" which indicates it requires an adverb to indicate the emphasis and also u can see ", and already costing business" part in the end which add another clause rather than a modified form. _________________
Want to improve your CR: cr-methods-an-approach-to-find-the-best-answers-93146.html
Tricky Quant problems: 50-tricky-questions-92834.html
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 00:20
which refers to immediate noun before the comma. effects is way too far ykaiim wrote: No, it's not an exception. WHICH refers to THE EFFECTS. nusmavrik wrote: Thanks in B what is the antecedent of "which" ? Is this an exception from the rule we follow for which? (B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business ykaiim wrote: IMO B.
Clues:
1. A is wrong as "which already are a cost to business of" is incorrect usage.
2. the effects of drug and alcohol abuse [plural] - COST is required. So, C and E out.
3. D is wrong because initial non-underlined part "the use....is growing" which indicates it requires an adverb to indicate the emphasis and also u can see ", and already costing business" part in the end which add another clause rather than a modified form. _________________
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 00:37
so what if it is far? when you have "X of Y" before a modifier ‘which’, the modifier could potentially refer either to "Y" by itself or to the whole unit "X of Y". It's up to context to determine which
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 01:08
nusmavrik wrote: I don't get it. ok i will try. 'which' does refer to a noun immideately preceding it is the genreal rule. but when we use 'of' we are attributing a misssion critical modifier to the subject. correct: an ice sheet covers 80% of the surface area of greenland, which is an area roughly the size of alaska. here the 'of clause' is essential to define the 80%. it is as if u r attributing a quality to the subject. something similar to using a possesive case. some thing like 'the strength of hercules' and 'hercule's strength'. both can be referred to by using 'which'. if u do observe, in many questions you can not use posseisive case and the 'of' clause together because it cause redudancy. micheal's musuc is as famous as rehman's. correct micheal's music is as famous as that of rehman. correct micheal's music is as famous as that of reham's. incorrect
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 01:30
Thanks. What you are saying is use "of" is like possessive noun Why don't u use that to avoid all this confusion. Why which is used to refer that far in the sentence? roshanaslam wrote: nusmavrik wrote: I don't get it. ok i will try. 'which' does refer to a noun immideately preceding it is the genreal rule. but when we use 'of' we are attributing a misssion critical modifier to the subject. correct: an ice sheet covers 80% of the surface area of greenland, which is an area roughly the size of alaska. here the 'of clause' is essential to define the 80%. it is as if u r attributing a quality to the subject. something similar to using a possesive case. some thing like 'the strength of hercules' and 'hercule's strength'. both can be referred to by using 'which'. if u do observe, in many questions you can not use posseisive case and the 'of' clause together because it cause redudancy. micheal's musuc is as famous as rehman's. correct micheal's music is as famous as that of rehman. correct micheal's music is as famous as that of reham's. incorrect _________________
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 01:47
while 'which' can be used to refer to the subject of the if clause, 'that' can not be used to do so.
X of y, which..... ( this would refer to X)
X of y that......... ( this would refer to Y) ( in this case u will end up modifying 'drug and alcohol abuse' instead of 'effects'
and also note that in the correct choice, 'which' clause gives non essential information about 'effects'.
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 02:51
Pls look at the following examples. 1. This is one of the cars that run on hydrogen that refers to cars 2. Cleveland is one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that are looking to improve the quality of urban life that refers to communities NOT to Great Lakes Quote: X of y that......... ( this would refer to Y) ( in this case u will end up modifying 'drug and alcohol abuse' instead of 'effects' X of y that......... So that can refer either to X or to Y. roshanaslam wrote: while 'which' can be used to refer to the subject of the if clause, 'that' can not be used to do so.
X of y, which..... ( this would refer to X)
X of y that......... ( this would refer to Y) ( in this case u will end up modifying 'drug and alcohol abuse' instead of 'effects'
and also note that in the correct choice, 'which' clause gives non essential information about 'effects'.
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say [#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 05:11
sentence 2 is x on y and not x of y. when we use 'of' we are talking about a attribute. the 'on' clause in sentence 2 worked as an mission critical modifier. besides these rules, infact most of the style based rules in gmat can be broken. what we are talking about is a rule that works 95% of the time. decide using situation in hand. there are examples in which the 'which' in X of Y. which.... refers to y. please see the context. the main rule with 'which' is that it can not refer to a clause. it must refer to a noun/noun phrase. so 'noun phrase' part is were the catch lies. if 'gmat' has to confuse u with 'which', it will muddy the other options really bad.
what u must remember is that that ambigious pronoun rule is a style rule. if other options break the grammatical rule or change the meaning, then u can definitely go for a choice with the ambigious pronoun but doesnt break the above 2 rules(grammar and meaning)
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Re: SC : Executives and federal officials say
[#permalink]
08 Jun 2010, 05:11
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