321. From the earliest days of the tribe, kinship determined the way in which the Ojibwa society organized its labor, provided access to its resources, and defined rights and obligations involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources.
(A) and defined rights and obligations involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources
(B) defining rights and obligations involved in their distribution and consumption
(C) and defined rights and obligations as they were involved in its distribution and consumption
(D) whose rights and obligations were defined in their distribution and consumption
(E) the distribution and consumption of them defined by rights and obligations

Clearly C) is wrong.

(C) and defined rights and obligations as they were involved in its distribution and consumption

here "they" is incorrectly referring to "tribe" which is singular and was referred to using "it" as in "its labor" and "its resources".
Also, "its" in "its distribution" is incorrectly referring to plural 'resources'

In A) apart from its parallel construction, 'those' is clearly referring to resources mentioned in the previous sentence

I was confused by the (A) ....of those resources. It looked like of those refer to Ojibwa society (a singular form), and therefore made (A) a wrong one and reason why that I emitted (A) and went for (C)

Can anyone pls explain......thanks

Hi Friends,

We have couple of queries here , Let's try to analyze. I appreciate everyone for doubts/explanations. My explanations might have some flaws or lack clarity. Any question, welcome to revert.

1.



Hi PerfectStranger,
Sorry friend, I don't agree with you on this explanation.
a)"they were involved in its distribution and consumption" Not a passive voice.
b) Modifier never comes with "And" so "and defined rights and obligations as they were involved in its distribution and consumption" can not modify anything. In other words if any clause is separated with "comma+and", it can not modify preceding clause.

2.


Hi miweekend,
Friend, you are already telling that those is plural and society is singular so how could it refer to society. Apart from that "those" is coming before "resources" so how can society be resource.

3.


Hi gaurav1083,
a)To understand parallelism in this sentence let's remove all middleman ( modifier and prepositional phrases).
[strike]From the earliest days of the tribe[/strike], [strike]kinship determined the way in which[/strike]the Ojibwa society organized its labor, provided access to its resources, and defined rights and obligations involved [strike]in the distribution and consumption of those resources[/strike]

Now can you see parallelism clearly.

b) Any clause with "comma+and" can not modify previous clause.



One more thing which is there in C. The idiom "defined...X...as...Y.." but usage of that idiom is wrong here.
defined rights and obligations as they were involved in its distribution and consumption. One more reason to eliminate c.

I hope my explanation will help. If indeed, please give me kudos.
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Hi Gaurav,

When you use V+ing after comma its work as a modifier and will modify the whole clause before comma, not the word it precede.
Here "defining rights and obligations involved in their distribution and consumption" is modifying whats coming before comma, not only the word "resources", which is not what original sentence says. Original sentence says kinship was determined based on 3 factors by society 1.organized its labor, 2. provided access to its resources, And 3.defined rights and obligations involved

Please revert if you have any question.

I hope my explanation helped, if indeed give me kudos.
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Hi @avi12,

Your confusion is pretty valid. In our education system we have not been taught to use comma before “and”. However, it is a little different in GMAT. Whenever the entities in a parallel list are joined by commas and “and”, there is always a comma after the second last entity in the list. This comma is then followed by “and”. Every comma makes it preceding entity an independent entity. This usage is common all across the SC parallelism questions in every official source.

Hence the usage of comma before “and” is not incorrect in choice A.

Hope this helps.
Thnaks.
Shradhha
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IMO it should be A. case of parallelism.. defined, determined all parallel.

Hi Sachin,
"Whose" is also a relative pronoun just like "which", "that", etc. It also modifies the preceding noun entity. In choice D, "whose" is preceded by "resources" and hence illogically modifies this noun entity.

Hope this helps.
Thanks.
Shraddha
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Hi Sachin,

That's correct. Realtive pronouns refers to the preceding noun entity that can be a single-word noun or a noun phrase.

Thanks.
Shraddha
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