While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who

While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United States in the early eighteenth century. She uncovered, for example, an 1876 document that details that in 1718 starving French settlers instructed the captain of a slave ship bound for Africa to trade for 400 Africans including some "who know how to cultivate rice". This discovery is especially compelling becuase the introduction of rice into what is now the United States had previously been attributed to French Acadians, who did not arrive until the 1760s.

Vernon interviewed elderly African Americans who helped her discover the locations where until about 1920 their foreberas had cultivated rice. At the heart of Vernon's research is the question of why, in an economy dedicated to mazimizing cotton production, African Americans grew rice. She proposes two intriguing answers, depending on whether the time is before or after the end of slavery. During the period of slavery, plantation owners also ate rice and therefore tolerated or demanded its "After-hours" cultivation on patches of land not suited to cotton. In additon, growing the rice gave the slaves some relief from a system of regimented labor under a filed supervisor, in that they were left alone to work independently.

After the abolotion of slavery, however, rice cultivation is more difficult to explain: African Americans had acquired a preference for eating corn, there was no market for the small amounts of rice they produced, and under the tenant system-- in which farmers surrendered a portion of their crops to the owners of the land they farmed-owners wanted only cotton as payment. The labor required to transform unused land to productive ground would thus seem completely out of proportion to the reward--except that, according to Vernon, the transforming of the land itself was the point.

Vernon suggests that these African Americans did not transform the land as a means to an end, but rahter as an end in itself. In order words, they did not tranform the land in order to grow rice-for the reulting rice was scarcely worth the effort required to clear the land-but instead transformed the land becaus ethye vieweed land as an extension of self and home and so wished to nurture it and make it their own. In additon to this cultural explanation, Vernon speculates that rice cultivation might also have been a political act, a next step after the emancipation of the slaves: the symbolic claiming of plantation land that the U.S government had promised but failed to parcel off and deed to newly freed African Americans.


27. The author's primary purposein the passage is to
A) describe the efforts of a historian to uncover evidence for a puzzling phenomenon
B) illustrate the historical background of a puzzling phenonmemon
C) present a historian's theories about a puzzling phennomenon
D) criticize the work of previous historians regarding a puzzling phenomenon
E) analyze the effects of a puzzling phenomenon on an economic system.