Passage 1
1. Apocalypse Now Reduxand Apocalypse Nowwere discussed in the final two
paragraphs. In the third paragraph, Apocalypse Nowis described as a film
that was released years after the conflict it portrayed and had a more complex
view of the war. In the last paragraph, Apocalypse Now Redux is presented
as further evidence that the pattern discussed in this passage continues. That
pattern is that war movies presented less glorifiedand more layered
portrayals when the conflict was further in the past. Thus, the correct answer
will note that its perspective was more complex andmorally ambiguous.
(A) This choice distorts the meaning of the passage. While the last paragraph
notes that film audiences are more diverse, this isnot connected to the
information provided about Apocalypse Now Redux.
(B) CORRECT.The last paragraph notes that the extra footage was not orginally
included because it might repel audiences. Thus, the updated film's portrayal of war
must be less appealing and more ambiguous than thatof the original.
(C) This choice indicates a change in the opposite direction; the last paragraph
indicates that the additional footage made the film 's perspective on war harsher as
opposed to more glorified.
(D) The passage indicates that not all war movies had the same tone, and the
answer choice does not specify which "other movies"are referred to; therefore, this
choice is incorrect.
(E) There is no mention of any removed footage in the passage. As it is not possible
to know if any footage was removed, this choice is incorrect.

2. The theme of the passage is that the glories of war were emphasized in films
made during the conflict but questioned in those made years afterward. In the
second paragraph, All Quiet on the Western Frontis cited as an example from
the latter category. Therefore, its portrayal of combat would have the least in
common with a film made during a conflict.
(A) In the last paragraph, Jarheadis listed as a film that was made years after
the conflict it portrayed and had an ambivalent attitude to its topic. Thus, it can
be inferred that it would resemble All Quiet on the Western Front. Remember
that any information gleaned from seeing the film is outside knowledge. If this
information cannot be deduced from the passage, it cannot be used to answer
a question.
(B) In the third paragraph, Apocalypse Nowis listed as a film that was made years
after the conflict it portrayed and had an ambivalent attitude to its topic. Thus, it can
be inferred that it would resemble All Quiet on the Western Front.
(C) In the second paragraph, The Bridge on the River Kwaiis described as a film
that was made years after the conflict it portrayedand showed the moral confusion
of war. Thus, it can be inferred that it would resemble All Quiet on the Western Front.
(D) In the third paragraph, Platoonis described as a film that was made years after
the conflict it portrayed and had an ambivalent attitude to its topic. Thus, it can be
inferred that it would resemble All Quiet on the Western Front.
(E) CORRECT. In both the second and third paragraphs, Guadalcanal Diaryis
mentioned as a film made in wartime. In the second paragraph, it is listed as an
example of a film that portrayed the “’the ultimatesacrifice’ as a noble and
undoubted good.” In contrast, the first paragraph states that “All Quiet on the
Western Frontput forth an anti-war message by displaying the horrors of combat.”
Thus, Guadalcanal Diarymust be the portrayal of combat that least resembles that in
All Quiet on the Western Front.

3. The second sentence of the second paragraph reads “After America declared
war against Germany during World War I, the still infant film industry glorified
the fight against “the Hun.” Thus, it must follow that the Germans are referred
to by that name. GMAT inferences generally follow directly from the text of
the passage.
(A) There is no direct evidence in the passage thatindicates this meaning for "the
Hun." Furthermore, the use of quotation marks indicates that the reference is not
literal.
(B) There is no direct evidence in the passage thatindicates this meaning for "the
Hun."
(C) There is no direct evidence in the passage thatindicates this meaning for "the
Hun." The fact that the Hungarians were then part of Austro-Hungary is outside
knowledge which cannot be deduced from the passage.
(D) CORRECT.Since the passage states that America declared waron Germany, it
must follow that the Germans were “the Hun” againstwhom America was fighting.
(E) There is no direct evidence in the passage thatindicates this meaning for "the
Hun." GMAT inferences must follow from the text of the passage.

4. The passage clearly enunciates in the first paragraph that it plans to illustrate
the cyclical pattern of the tone of Hollywood war m ovies. The second and third
paragraphs trace the pattern's history through the last century, and then the
passage ends by returning to the resilience of thatcycle. Thus, the main point
of the passage must reference establishing and describing the recurring
pattern over time.
(A) This choice does not address the cyclical pattern; instead, it suggests a point not
made in the passage.
(B) This is a minor detail mentioned in the last paragraph, not the main point.
Furthermore, this choice ignores the issue of a cyclical pattern.
(C) CORRECT. This choice reiterates the theme that a pattern is durable, despite
the doubts of some during "those days of social change" -- i.e., the late 1960's. This
choice exactly mirrors the structure of the passage, which makes this point, provides
historical evidence, and then reiterates that the pattern continues to endure.
(D) Besides its extreme quality, this choice is incorrect because it distorts the
meaning. The passage's assertion that a more nuanced view of America’s conflicts
emerges in movies made years later cannot automatically be equated with a lack of
support.
(E) This choice presents an irrelevant comparison. The passage is only concerned
with the existence of this pattern and does not address the relative influence of
various individuals.

5. The last paragraph begins by noting that the changes in the industry and
audience have not changed the pattern discussed. The paragraph ends by
stating that this aspect of the film industry, thatis, the pattern discussed,
remains intact. The correct answer should reflect this point.
(A) CORRECT. This choice correctly summarizes the point made in the first and last
sentences of the last paragraph: that this pattern continues despite changes in the
industry and audience.
(B) This choice is too extreme. The passage merely says that one pattern of the film
industry has not changed. The last paragraph acknowledges that changes in the
industry have occurred.
(C) This choice is incorrect as the last paragraph explicitly states that the pattern
discussed largely continues.
(D) In the last paragraph, Jarhead and Apocalypse Now Redux are mentioned as
examples proving that the discussed pattern continues. Thus, they cannot be
fundamentally different from other war movies.
(E) The point of the last paragraph is that the pattern of the last century continues.
Thus, it cannot make the point that war movies havechanged in response to
changes in the audience.

6. In the second paragraph, The Bridge on the RiverKwai is mentioned as a
post-WWII example of the continuing pattern of war movies becoming more
ambivalent years after the conflict. The phrases “once again” and “for example”
highlight this. In the third paragraph, the movie is again mentioned as an example of
a more complex view of war. Thus, the correct answer must follow from these points.
(A) This is incorrect; the author does not discuss the quality of the movie or the merit
of any awards.
(B) The passage does not compare the intelligence or crafting of these, or any, films;
it merely discusses their tone and approach to the depiction of war. A movie could
present a glorified depiction of war and also be very intelligent and well-crafted.
(C) This is incorrect. The passage indicates that there were movies with ambivalent
perspectives produced after the first war, citing All Quiet on the Western Front as an
example. Furthermore, the phrase “once again” indicates that it was not the first to
have such a tone.
(D) CORRECT. The third paragraph states that Guadalcanal Diary was much closer
in tone to The Green Berets and contrasts those twoto The Bridge on the River
Kwai. This contrast is in terms of the greater ambivalence and moral confusion
shown in The Bridge on the River Kwai.
(E) The passage does not mention the financial success, or lack thereof, of any of
the movies it discusses.

Passage 3
1.
The best way to answer a question that asks for information NOT indicated in the
passage is to quickly skim through the passage and eliminate any answer choice
that IS indicated in the passage.
(A) CORRECT. The passage states several times that Mexico’s population growth is
diminishing due to the country’s declining birth rate. However, the passage never
suggests that Mexico’s population itself is diminishing.
(B) The third paragraph states that, on average, a Mexican woman had just fewer
than seven children in 1968. Today the average number of children born to a
Mexican woman is slightly more than two, or approximately one-third of the 1968
figure.
(C) The first paragraph states that U.S. employers are still counting on a steady flow
of labor from Mexico. To reinforce this contention,the final sentence of the first
paragraph says this flow might “one day” diminish, indicating that at present it is
continuing.
(D) The final paragraph states that Mexico’s population is aging. This aging of the
population naturally results from the declining number of babies born in Mexico. As
fewer babies are born, the average age of the population gradually increases.
(E) The third and final paragraphs indicate that a healthy middle class in Mexico is a
hope and a goal but that it is far from a foregone conclusion.
2.
The correct answer to an inference question must bedirectly supported by evidence
from the text. The passage states that U.S. employers of Mexican immigrants often
provide low-skilled, low-paying jobs to individualswho "are often more than willing to
work for wages well below both the U.S. minimum wage and the poverty line."
(A) No information is provided concerning the amount of money paid to American
citizens. It is possible that there are many Americans who also work for wages well
below both the U.S. minimum wage and the poverty line.
(B) CORRECT. If some of these immigrant workers areaccepting wages “well below
the U.S. minimum wage,” their American employers must be violating wage laws (i.e.
paying wages below what the U.S. minimum wage requires).
(C) Nothing in the passage suggests the particular industry of these employers. This
answer is outside the scope of the argument, and assumes knowledge from sources
other than the passage.
(D) The passage does not suggest that, without labor from Mexico, these employers
will be forced to close. This answer is both too predictive and outside the scope of
the argument.
(E) The passage suggests nothing about how these employers either regard or treat
their workers. Moreover, indication that these employers show “no concern” is too
extreme to be inferred from the passage.
3.
A keen understanding of the main idea of the passage, in combination with a well
developed sketch of the passage to help you quicklyaccess the pertinent
information, will help you to accurately eliminate incorrect answer choices.
(A) In both the first and fourth paragraphs the author indicates that the supply of
Mexican labor to the United States might diminish over time if certain conditions in
Mexico continue to change. The author does not believe this to be a foregone
conclusion. Moreover, the author never hints that this hypothetical labor vacuum will
have to be filled by other immigrant groups.
(B) The author speaks only of Mexico and its challenges. It is beyond the scope of
the passage to assume what the author might believe, in general, about countries
with large populations. Additionally, the passage never quantifies the definition of a
“large population.”
(C) In the first paragraph, the author says Mexicanimmigrants are “more than willing
to work for wages well below both the U.S. minimum wage and the poverty line.”
Thus, the workers themselves seem not to feel takenadvantage of.
(D) Similar to answer choice B, this answer choice asks about the author’s attitude
toward countries other than Mexico. The passage, however, discusses only Mexico
and its policies and challenges.
(E) CORRECT. In the final paragraph, the author indicates that "the growth of a
healthy middle class is far from a foregone conclusion. The critical challenge for
Mexico is what it does with the next 20 years.” Then, the author indicates the steps
that Mexico must take. Thus, the author obviously believes that Mexico does not
currently have the infrastructure to develop a healthy middle class. The key, for the
author, is whether Mexico is willing and able to build this infrastructure.
4.
The final paragraph primarily explains why the development of a healthy middle
class, an important factor in limiting the desire of many Mexicans to migrate to the
United States, is not a foregone conclusion.
(A) The final paragraph actually explains why a dramatic reduction of Mexican
immigration to the United States is still an uncertainty.
(B) Mexico’s family planning campaign was not mentioned in the final paragraph.
(C) CORRECT. The final paragraph explains that Mexico must take specific actions
to foster the development of a healthy middle class. Without a healthy middle class,
the author believes that large numbers of Mexicans will continue to seek work in the
United States.
(D) Though the author does mention that Mexico mustinvest in infrastructure, no
mention is made of the types of infrastructure thisinvestment should benefit.
(E) Though the final paragraph reinforces that Mexican immigration to the United
States and thus Mexican labor might one day dramatically decline, this answer
choice goes too far by stating that this "will" definitely happen. Further, is too great a
leap to assume that the purpose of the paragraph isto explicitly put American
employers on notice. Nothing in the paragraph, or the passage, suggests this
intention.