The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.

a. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.

b. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner core flows through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.

c. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers are responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner flows through the outer planet, and how Earth's magnetic field forms and the periodic reversla of its direction.

d. core, rotating independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers, are responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.

e. core, rotating independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers, is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of how Earth's magnetic field forms and the periodic reversla of its direction.

IMO A.

a. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.
=> nothing wrong.
b. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner core flows through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.
=> how ~ and the formation~ not ||

c. core rotates independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers are responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner flows through the outer planet, and how Earth's magnetic field forms and the periodic reversla of its direction.
=> SVA
d. core, rotating independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers, are responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.
=> SVA
e. core, rotating independently of and more qickly than Earth's outer layers, is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of how Earth's magnetic field forms and the periodic reversla of its direction.
=> changes meaning. the discovery is responsible, not the inner core itself.
_________________

The only thing that matters is what you believe.

It has to be A. Freethinker's explanation says it all ...