The new school of political history that emerged in the 1960’s and 1970’s sought to go beyond the traditional focus of political historians on leaders and government institutions by examining directly the political practices of ordinary citizens. Like the old approach, however, this new approach excluded women. The very techniques these historians used to uncover mass political behavior in the nineteenth-century United States—quantitative analyses of election returns, for example—were useless in analyzing the political activities of women, who were denied the vote until 1920.
By redefining “political activity,” historian Paula Baker has developed a political history that includes women. She concludes that among ordinary citizens, political activism by women in the nineteenth century prefigured trends in twentieth-century politics. Defining “politics” as “any action taken to affect the course of behavior of government or of the community,” Baker concludes that, while voting and holding office were restricted to men, women in the nineteenth century organized themselves into societies committed to social issues such as temperance and poverty. In other words, Baker contends, women activists were early practitioners of nonpartisan, issue-oriented politics and thus were more interested in enlisting lawmakers, regardless of their party affiliation, on behalf of certain issues than in ensuring that one party or another won an election. In the twentieth century, more men drew closer to women’s ideas about politics and took up modes of issue-oriented politics that Baker sees women as having pioneered.
27. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) enumerate reasons why both traditional scholarly methods and newer scholarly methods have limitations
(B) identify a shortcoming in a scholarly approach and describe an alternative approach
(C) provide empirical data to support a long-held scholarly assumption
(D) compare two scholarly publications on the basis of their authors’ backgrounds
(E) attempt to provide a partial answer to a longstanding scholarly dilemma
OA &OE
(A)The first paragraph identifies only one reason that the two approaches are flawed; an alternative approach is discussed in the second paragraph.
(B) Correct. The author points to the flaw in earlier approaches to history and shows an alternative way of thinking about political history.
(C) No data are off ered to support an assumption.
(D) Only one historian is mentioned by name; her background is not mentioned.
(E) No long-standing dilemma is discussed.
The correct answer is B.
28.The passage suggests which of the following
concerning the techniques used by the new political historians described in the first paragraph of the passage?
(A) They involved the extensive use of the biographies of political party leaders and political theoreticians.
(B) They were conceived by political historians who were reacting against the political climates of the 1960s and 1970s.
(C) They were of more use in analyzing the positions of United States political parties in the nineteenth century than in analyzing the positions of those in the twentieth century.
(D) They were of more use in analyzing the political behavior of nineteenth-century voters than in analyzing the political activities of those who
could not vote during that period.
(E) They were devised as a means of tracing the influence of nineteenth-century political trends on twentieth-century political trends.
OA & OE
28. (A) They involved the extensive use of the biographies of political party leaders and political theoreticians.
(B)They were conceived by political historians who were reacting against the political climates of the 1960s and 1970s.
(C) They were of more use in analyzing the positions of United States political parties in the nineteenth century than in analyzing the positions of those in the twentieth century.
(D) They were of more use in analyzing the political behavior of nineteenth-century voters than in analyzing the political activities of those who could not vote during that period.
(E) They were devised as a means of tracing the influence of nineteenth-century political trends on twentieth-century political trends.
CORRECT ANSWER is D
29. It can be inferred that the author of the passage quotes Baker directly in the second paragraph primarily in order to
(A) clarify a position before providing an alternative to that position
(B) differentiate between a novel definition and traditional defi nitions
(C) provide an example of a point agreed on by different generations of scholars
(D) provide an example of the prose style of an important historian
(E) amplify a definition given in the first paragraph
OA & OE
(A) Paula Baker’s is the alternative position offered; no alternative to hers is discussed.
(B) Correct. Baker is quoted to emphasize that her definition is new and that it differs significantly from the traditional definition used by other historians.
(C) Th e contrasting views expressed in the first and second paragraphs show that different generations of scholars have not agreed.
(D) The author does not comment on Baker’s prose style.
(E) Baker’s definition contrasts with, rather than amplifies, the one offered in the first paragraph.
The correct answer is B.
30. According to the passage, Paula Baker and the new political historians of the 1960s and 1970s shared which of the following?
(A) A commitment to interest group politics
(B) A disregard for political theory and ideology
(C) An interest in the ways in which nineteenth century politics prefigured contemporary politics
(D) A reliance on such quantitative techniques as the analysis of election returns
(E) An emphasis on the political involvement of ordinary citizens
OA & OE
(A) No mention at all is made of interest group politics, neither in relation to Baker nor in relation to the new historians.
(B) The passage does not show that they disregarded political theory and ideology.
(C) The passage only discusses Baker’s interest in the way women’s political activities in the nineteenth century prefi gured twentiethcentury trends (lines 16–18).
(D)The passage explains that new historians relied on such techniques, but that Baker did not.
(E) Correct. Both the new historians and Baker are said to have studied the political activities of ordinary citizens.
The correct answer is E.
31. Which of the following best describes the structure of the first paragraph of the passage?
(A) Two scholarly approaches are compared, and a shortcoming common to both is identifi ed.
(B) Two rival schools of thought are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
(C) An outmoded scholarly approach is described, and a corrective approach is called for.
(D) An argument is outlined, and counterarguments are mentioned.
(E) A historical era is described in terms of its political trends.
OA & OE
(A)Two approaches to history are discussed, and a fl aw shared by both, the exclusion of women, is identified.
(B) The first paragraph does not allude to a third school of thought.
(C) A corrective approach is not discussed in the first paragraph.
(D) The fi rst paragraph does present an argument, but no counterarguments are made.
(E) Th e political trends of an historical era are not detailed in the fi rst paragraph.
The correct answer is A.
32. The information in the passage suggests that a pre-1960s political historian would have been most likely to undertake which of the following studies?
(A) An analysis of voting trends among women voters of the 1920s
(B) A study of male voters’ gradual ideological shift from party politics to issue-oriented politics
(C) A biography of an infl uential nineteenth-century minister of foreign affairs
(D) An analysis of narratives written by previously unrecognized women activists
(E) A study of voting trends among naturalized immigrant laborers in a nineteenth-century logging camp
OA & OE
(A) Traditional historians did not focus on ordinary citizens, but on their leaders.
(B) Baker is interested in this group shift, but traditional historians were not.
(C)Traditional historians emphasized the work of leaders and government institutions; a biography of a foreign affairs minister fits this focus perfectly.
(D) Such an analysis would be of interest to Baker, but not to traditional historians focusing on leaders and government.
(E) Th e new historians would be interested in such a study, but not traditional historians, who did not look at the activities of ordinary citizens.
The correct answer is C.
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Updated on: 30 Jan 2019, 23:15
