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Rene Descartes, a 16th century Frenchman often regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy, penned one of its most famous slogans: “I think, therefore I am.” This statement was the conclusion to an approach of systematic doubt, the goal of which was to arrive at a new foundation for knowledge. He might have been able to doubt all the evidence of his senses, Descartes reasoned, but he could not doubt the proposition that he himself existed to do the doubting. His statement might almost be rephrased as: “I doubt, therefore I am.” Yet despite the fact that philosophers since the early 19th century have made heavy use of this conclusion, Descartes in his own day was most influential as a scientist, not a philosopher.
Throughout 16th century Europe, for example, Descartes was well known for his work in physics, geometry, and physiology, and modern scholars still consider him one of the precursors of the scientific revolution. His attempts to use algebra to solve problems of space and motion essentially created the field of analytic geometry, upon which modern applied mathematics is still largely based. Descartes discovered the law of refraction, which explains why straight objects appear bent when immersed partly in water, and was one of the first to theorize that the workings of human bodies can be studied in similar fashion to the workings of machines. Even his “Discourse on Method,” which contained the famous philosophical statement, was intended merely as the framework within which a collection of essays on optics, meteorology, and geometry was to be understood.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
a) The career of a well-known historical figure is traced chronologically b) Two opposing perspectives on a well-known historical figure are presented c) Two fields of study are compared and contrasted d) A common misconception in introduced, then put in wider context e) A common misconception is introduced, then refuted
The OA is E, but it is illogical. Here is the explanation:
This question concerns the way the author has organized information in the passage. The first paragraph introduces Descartes as a well-known historical figure and explains that, because of a famous statement, he is most often associated with the field of philosophy. The second paragraph, however, argues that the idea of Descartes as primarily a philosopher is a misconception; details in the paragraph are meant to refute this by arguing for an alternate understanding of his importance.
a)Though certain time periods are mentioned, neither paragraph is primarily concerned with chronology. b)The two perspectives are not merely presented; the author intends to use the second perspective to argue against the first. c)The passage is concerned with Descartes in relation to each field of study, not the fields themselves. d)The second paragraph is meant to argue an opposing perspective, not to give context. e)A common misconception is introduced using details about its origin, and then is refuted using other details.
When you "refute a misconception" you are denouncing the misconception. i.e. you are saying that the misconception does not exist and that Descartes was indeed just a philosopher.
This is not the intention of the passage. the 2nd paragraph doesn't refute the misconception, it describe further why the misconception holds true as a MISconception.
The wording of the answers is very awkward here. Again, the proper idiom of "refuting" something is to denounce it. When you "refute a misconception" you are saying that the misconception is not really a bad conception but a correct one.
If you take the wording of the answers for their literal and idiomatic meaning, the answer should be D. The 2nd paragraph describes further why the conception of Descartes as just a philosopher is indeed a misconception.
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