(A) Demand -> Have (Incorrect agreement)
(B) by - Passive, made - Past tense
(C) creation of which is in large - Wordy , have caused land prices to soar and made - Passive and past construction.
(D) Correct.
(E) in large part created by - Passive and diverts the intended meanin...

Whereas in (D)

A seemingly insatiable demand for luxury apartments in New York, created in large part by wealthy Europeans, has caused land prices to soar, making affordable housing projects nearly impossible in Manhattan.

making affordable housing projects nearly impossible in Manhattan - Verb ing modifier modifies the precceeding clause .
_________________

D is correct

Here is the reasoning

A seemingly insatiable demand for luxury apartments in New York, created in large part by wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made affordable housing projects nearly impossible in Manhattan.

A. created in large part by wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made - the subject of the verb have caused is demand, so the verb should be singular has

B. has been created in large part by wealthy European, caused land prices to soar, and made - wordy, the same sentence can be better communicated to show cause-effect using verb-ing modifier

C. the creation of which is in large part due to wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made - same reason as A


D. created in large part by wealthy Europeans, has caused land prices to soar, making - correct

E. in large part created by wealthy Europeans, causing land prices to soar and making - fragment, verb is missing


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