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# After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe

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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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26 Aug 2013, 10:41
9 mins, 3 correct. please explain q116 and q117.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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28 Aug 2014, 11:47
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This can be done within 10 mins. I goofed up in 117 but then realized my mistake. 116 is tricky
115. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) defending a controversial approach
(B) criticizing an accepted view
(C) summarizing research findings
>>
P1: Problem is introduced.
P2: A Research is introduced in this regard.
P3: Closes the discussion with a final note on the research.
So overall its summarizing the research.

(D) contrasting competing theories
(E) describing an innovative technique

116. The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having
(A) higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(B) lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(C) lower rotational velocity and lower luminosity
(D) similar rotational velocity and higher luminosity
>> Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly.

(E) similar rotational velocity and similar luminosity

117. The authors’ suggestion that “as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth” (lines 34–37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
(A) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
>> Author concludes that its the low intensity wavelength of NLM because of which it cant be detected on earth. so assumption is, spiral galaxy is full of NLM. But what if there is not ample or very little NLM in spiral galaxy.Then it weakens the conclusion as its the scarcity and not the WL of the NLM which is resulting in this behavior.

(B) Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements.
(C) The bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy also contains some nonluminous matter.
(D) The density of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested.
(E) Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.

118. It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?
(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.
(B) Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate at the same velocity.
(C) The universe would continue to expand indefinitely.
(D) The density of the invisible matter in the universe would have to be more than 70 times the density of the luminous matter.
(E) More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies would have to be located in their nuclei than in their outer regions.

119. The authors propose all of the following as possibly contributing to the “missing matter” in spiral galaxies EXCEPT
(A) massive black holes
(B) small black holes
(C) small, dim stars
(D) massive stars
(E) large planets
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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29 Jan 2016, 08:41
I still do not understand Q 117
mikemcgarry please clear my doubt here.

In option A) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
It could be very possible that the researchers already took this into account. The passage states that the researchers studied typical spiral galaxies and through their studies concluded that 90% percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth.

Researchers line of reasoning - spiral galaxies are less common --- spiral galaxies research suggest that there's x amount of non-luminous mass --- considering everything, this accounts to 90%.
The passage never mentions that the researchers assumed that spiral galaxies were very common. How can we assume that they wrongly estimated the proportion of spiral galaxies.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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30 Jan 2016, 23:02
vabhs192003 wrote:
Completed within 10mins with 1 wrong.

Though I got 117 correct using POE I would like to know the definite rationale to eliminate option D.

Notice that the author's assertion is not very precise: "as much as 90 percent of the mass . . . " So if we find that the observable universe is denser than we thought, it wouldn't really undermine this vague assertion. We would just adjust the maximum down by some unknown amount. Furthermore, the author's team is not basing their assertion on current estimates of the density of the observable universe, but on the observation of galaxies. This is why (A) presents a problem for this view. If it turned out that spiral galaxies like ours, which are rich in nonluminous matter, were uncommon, this would undermine the entire basis of the author's idea.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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17 Feb 2016, 22:24
vabhs192003 wrote:
Completed within 10mins with 1 wrong.

Though I got 117 correct using POE I would like to know the definite rationale to eliminate option D.

Hi,

The author wants to imply that almost 90% of the Universe doesn't have luminous mass.

If D) Was correct

It implies that there is even more invisible mass than that was thought, which strengthens the statement rather than weakening it. It's a classic CR question.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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27 Aug 2016, 00:15
C
C
A
C
D
4/5
14 MIN
THE AMOUNT OF TIME TAKEN IS KILLING ME
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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18 Sep 2016, 14:09
hello bb !

I think the timer is set wrongly according to the number of questions and official answers.

cheers
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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18 Sep 2016, 14:38
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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18 Sep 2016, 14:46
kunwardeep25 wrote:

Hello friend, it is a combination of this two parts:

Quote:
Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly.

and...

Quote:
It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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21 Sep 2016, 21:34
As per OG official answer for q.115 is C and not D.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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22 Sep 2016, 06:46
Vineet15 wrote:
As per OG official answer for q.115 is C and not D.

That's true.

The timers are wrongly synced with the OA.

bb can you help with that?
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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22 Sep 2016, 22:36

c
d
a
c
d
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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26 Sep 2016, 10:50
Timer starts from question 2 , timer for ques 1 is not present . Moderators , please correct
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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26 Oct 2016, 10:09
JarvisR wrote:
This can be done within 10 mins. I goofed up in 117 but then realized my mistake. 116 is tricky
115. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) defending a controversial approach
(B) criticizing an accepted view
(C) summarizing research findings
>>
P1: Problem is introduced.
P2: A Research is introduced in this regard.
P3: Closes the discussion with a final note on the research.
So overall its summarizing the research.

(D) contrasting competing theories
(E) describing an innovative technique

116. The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having
(A) higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(B) lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(C) lower rotational velocity and lower luminosity
(D) similar rotational velocity and higher luminosity
>> Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly.

(E) similar rotational velocity and similar luminosity

117. The authors’ suggestion that “as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth” (lines 34–37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
(A) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
>> Author concludes that its the low intensity wavelength of NLM because of which it cant be detected on earth. so assumption is, spiral galaxy is full of NLM. But what if there is not ample or very little NLM in spiral galaxy.Then it weakens the conclusion as its the scarcity and not the WL of the NLM which is resulting in this behavior.

(B) Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements.
(C) The bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy also contains some nonluminous matter.
(D) The density of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested.
(E) Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.

118. It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?
(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.
(B) Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate at the same velocity.
(C) The universe would continue to expand indefinitely.
(D) The density of the invisible matter in the universe would have to be more than 70 times the density of the luminous matter.
(E) More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies would have to be located in their nuclei than in their outer regions.

119. The authors propose all of the following as possibly contributing to the “missing matter” in spiral galaxies EXCEPT
(A) massive black holes
(B) small black holes
(C) small, dim stars
(D) massive stars
(E) large planets

For Q-116, Can you explain how it is higher luminosity???
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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29 Oct 2016, 01:22
@emmafoaster, check out this sentence in paragraph 2: "It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center."

This implies that the luminosity is highest in the nucleus, a bit lower outside the nucleus, and a whole lot lower as you get toward the edge.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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22 Dec 2016, 11:09
nitya34 wrote:
[box_out]
After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding, it became reasonable
to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it for the mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that the critical density of matter needed to brake the expansion and “close” the universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies—comes to only a fraction of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70.

Our contribution to the search for this “missing matter” has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies at various distances from their center
of rotation. It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler’s law. Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.

Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass, of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes, either small or massive. While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates are converging on the critical value.[/size]
[box_in]115. The

118. It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?
(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.
(B) Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate at the same velocity.
(C) The universe would continue to expand indefinitely.
(D) The density of the invisible matter in the universe would have to be more than 70 times the density of the luminous matter.
(E) More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies would have to be located in their nuclei than in their outer regions.

Hi sayantanc2k,
Hope you're well brother. I've stuck with question# 118. The passage says that if the density is equivalent to 3 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, then the expansion of the universe will be stop. That means: if the density is LESS than 3 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, then expansion will be be continued, WHICH is answer option C (the correct choice). But, my question is: if the density is MORE THAN 3 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, then the expansion of the universe will STILL be continued?
Thanks...
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe [#permalink]

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29 Dec 2016, 02:14
iMyself, there's no support for the conclusion that expansion would continue if the density were higher than the needed amount. If I said that you needed $10,000 to open an investment account or that you needed a 3.0 GPA to apply to a program, you wouldn't assume that you were out of luck if you had$50,000 and a 4.0, right?

If the intended meaning were that the density needed to be exactly three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, the passage would need to say that.
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Re: After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe   [#permalink] 29 Dec 2016, 02:14

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