I read a excellent explanation fr this question by someone on 1000 sc forum:


Analysis:
Verb Tense
- has been
- was
- was to be
- is necessary
- will be

It starts in the past and now in the present - Present Perfect Tense

Parallelism
- to develop and enforce
- for developing and enforcing
- in developing and enforcing
- to develop and enforce
- for developing and enforcing

Also, Subordinate clause
that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service

main clause
- that all juries must be
- of all juries being
- of all juries to be
- that all juries must be
- of all juries being

Idioms
- necessary for
- necessary to

B - out past tense, of juries being
C - out past tense, of all juries to be
E - out future tense, of all juries being

Between A and D
tense: has been vs. is
parallelism: both correct
Main vs. Subordinate: both correct
Idiom: necessary to both correct

A - past to present
D - present

A - Correct
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101. Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from “a fair cross section of the community.”
(A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
(B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
(C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be
(D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
(E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being

A is more precise than B.
Multiple clues to eliminate B.
1. being...
2. the principle of

Note that you can easily frame a correct sentence even if the second part is in simple past tense.

My Approach -->
Since the sentence can take multiple tense form depending on what it means so i did not rely on that.
Principle must be followed by that


Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from “a fair cross section of the community.”

(A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
(B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
(C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be
(D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
(E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
NOw in A and D ,
NEarly a century of cases indicates present continous so A.

PLEase correct me if i am wrong.
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Shikhar

Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from “a fair cross section of the community.”

(A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be ('has been', the present perfect, fits well with something that started 'nearly a century' ago and presumably continues today).
(B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being ('being' is awkward).
(C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be ('was to be necessary' awkward)
(D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be (because this action started at some point in the past, the use of 'is' is inappropriate).
(E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being ('being' is awkward)
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Christopher Lele
Magoosh Test Prep

Although this question is not directed to me, I will share what I know about this topic.

"being" is not always wrong in the GMAT. It is wrong in most cases (say 99% of the time) when not used correctly.

"Being" can be used as a noun, a verb, a participle adjective or adverb.

"being" is wrong here because it's been used as a verb without a preceding help verb (is, was been etc).
You can say "this girl is being crazy" or "this boy was being whipped" but not "this girl being crazy".

Hope this helps.

I don't like this question because the action DIDN'T occur over a particular time!

It only occured once!!

Nearly a century (subject) was needed (predicate) to ......

It's not as if a century was needed in 1880, and another century was needed in 1979... we only needed the century once, in 1880. In 1881, we needed 99 years... 98 years after that, then 97... etc etc.

The actions that occur WITHIN that century, however, such as "to develop" and "to enforce" are ongoing.

B is wrong for idiomatic reasons, but the others are wrong grammatically.. so I picked B.

What is the source of this question?

Option B is wrong for 2 reasons:

1. For conveying an intent infinitive is a better choice. Hence "to develop and enforce" is better than " for developing and enforcing"
2. The usage "the principle of all juries being drawn" is wrong. The phrase implies that the principle belonged to the juries who were being drawn.

X is necessary to do Y: implies that the necessity is in the present.

X has been necessary to do Y: implies that the necessity has been there for some time.

"A century of" implies that the necessity has been there for a century - therefore "has been" is better than "is".

Option D implies that the necessity is from now to 100 years from now. Option A implies that the necessity has been from 1880 (or some point of time in the past) to 100 years from that point.

Case by case adjudication started in 1880 and got over by 1980. So simple past tense should be the correct usage. Use of "has been" would be correct if the even were still on or just completed.

Please help.