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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy

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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   Updated on: 12 Dec 2019, 04:46
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done
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Originally posted by nitya34 on 21 Mar 2009, 11:36.
Last edited by Bunuel on 12 Dec 2019, 04:46, edited 1 time in total.
Renamed the topic and edited the question.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   21 Mar 2009, 12:04
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.
(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done

The structure of sentence clearly implies that scientists are trying to determine something and hence we need to use 'whether'. Secondly, usage of since demands that we use present perfect tense because the action has not completed. Hence C is right..

P.S. Forgot to add one thing since could also be used with past perfect tense but in that case the sentence should indicate that the action has completed at certain point of time before....
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   29 Mar 2013, 08:23
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Few of the replies here explain why whether is the correct word choice. Here's a great excerpt that details that logic:

Although in informal writing and speech the two words are often used interchangeably, in formal writing, such as in technical writing at work, it's a good idea to make a distinction between them because the meaning can sometimes be different depending on which word you use. The formal rule is to use if when you have a conditional sentence and whether when you are showing that two alternatives are possible. Some examples will make this more clear.

Here's an example where the two words could be interchangeable:

Squiggly didn't know whether Aardvark would arrive on Friday.

Squiggly didn't know if Aardvark would arrive on Friday.

In either sentence, the meaning is that Aardvark may or may not arrive on Friday.

Now, here are some examples where the words are not interchangeable.

Squiggly didn't know whether Aardvark would arrive on Friday or Saturday.

Because I used whether, you know that there are two possibilities: Aardvark will arrive on Friday or Aardvark will arrive on Saturday.

Now see how the sentence has a different meaning when I use if instead of whether:

Squiggly didn't know if Aardvark would arrive on Friday or Saturday.

Now in addition to arriving on Friday or Saturday, there is the possibility that Aardvark may not arrive at all. These last two sentences show why it is best to use whether when you have two possibilities, and that is why I recommend using whether instead of if when you have two possibilities, even when the meaning wouldn't change if you use if. It's safer and more consistent.

Here's a final pair of examples:

Call Squiggly if you are going to arrive on Friday.

Call Squiggly whether or not you are going to arrive on Friday.

The first sentence is conditional. Call Squiggly if you are going to arrive on Friday means Aardvark is only expected to call if he is coming.

The second sentence is not conditional. Call Squiggly whether or not you are going to arrive on Friday means Aardvark is expected to call either way.

So to sum up, use whether when you have two discrete choices or mean "regardless of whether," and use if for conditional sentences.

From: https://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/if ... ether.aspx
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   21 Mar 2009, 13:14
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Hi mates,

IMO C

A and B out: here "whether" is needed (just the possibility or not)
D out: simple past changes the meaning of the sentence. Also the end is not correct
E out: past perfect is not correct

OA and Source?

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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   12 May 2011, 21:58
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A-b clearly out.if is used to indicate hypothetical subjunctive.
Whether is used to indicate uncertainty.
D- is incorrect
between C and D choice is tense.C is indicating past event ,but the effect is still on.painting is present.
C is winner
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   28 Mar 2012, 07:28
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if vs whether ruled out A and B

E is wrong because it uses past perfect. The activity of determining is after (or since) completion. So, we need to use either past or present perfect.

I believe in this case either present perfect or past is correct. Past is wrong here because SINCE in this context shows a time frame from SINCE till NOW when this could have happened. So, we need to use Present Perfect. I also think you cannot use SINCE with the Pure Past tense. (Somebody correct me here if I am wrong??)

But the fundamental problem with D is the TENSE.
"as WAS DONE by many artists of the time." This is passive voice.
If it is in past tense it should be AS DID MANY ARTISTS.

Second point of flaw here is what does AS EQUATE in the underlined portion of the sentence?
The action sketched, right? But it can easily be mistaken for something else in between like scanning or analyzing (all of which are actions).

So, its only proper to introduce the noun again (A PRACTICE) as in C, which is the answer.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   29 Mar 2012, 03:44
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.
(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done

1. If and Whether usage:

The formal rule is to use if when you have a conditional sentence and whether when you are showing that two alternatives are possible.
The correct usage is Whether in the given sentence.
With this rule we can eliminate A and B.
2. Continuous tense usage:
Since indicates continuous tense. So option D (was altered-past tense) can be eliminated

3. Between option C and E, Practice employed is the correct form, than practice done. With this u can choose C.
Answer is C.

kunalm wrote:
Between C & E. I believe Past perfect should be used because the event of "completion of the painting" has already been done. Can anyone explain explicitely ??



There is clue by the use of word "since", that the event started in the past. In the sentence, there is no clue, that the event is closed in the past. The event may be continuing also. C & E can be correct, but C is the answer because of "Practice employed".
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   29 Mar 2013, 06:10
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done ->"whether" is preferred over "if" and "a practice employed" makes more sense than "as done".
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed ->"whether" is preferred over "if"
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed ->"whether" , "practice employed" and correct use of "has been",
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done -> "as was done"
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done->had been...since is wrong, past tense is not required.


Hence C
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   29 Mar 2013, 10:42
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IMO Answer is C. Let me explain why.
Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
There are two errors in this sentence.
First, WHETHER is required instead of IF. IF in GMAT is used for Conditions.
Second, "as done" means that many other artists also sketched the Mona Lisa in black. Instead, 'a practice employed' is correct. It means that the practice of sketching in black was employed by many other artists. INCORRECT

(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed:
This one corrects one error but puts in another one. Using 'IF' instead of 'WHETHER' is not correct. Also, present perfect tense should have been used because the intended meaning is whether the sketch was altered from the time it was made till present. Presence of SINCE is a clear indication here. INCORRECT

(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed: 'Whether' used; 'present perfect tense' used; 'a practice employed' used. All three errors discussed so far have been corrected in this sentence. Let's go through the remaining two before choosing this one.

(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done: Brings back the tense error. Also, uses 'as was' instead of 'a practice employed'. Therefore INCORRECT.

(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done: Past perfect is incorrectly used here. INCORRECT

Hence, C is a clear winner here. This question is also about finding errors in wrong choices rather than searching for one right answer.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   29 Mar 2013, 23:13
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nitya34 wrote:
Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done


Straight C.
Idiom: to determine whether..... and whether --> narrow down to C, D, E.
D is wrong, because "since completion" --> must use present perfect tense, not past tense; "as was done" is not a good modifier.
E is wrong, same reason like D. "since completion" --> must use present perfect tense, not past perfect tense.
So C is correct.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   01 Apr 2013, 01:06
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Ans: c

Classic case of “Split and choose” type question.

Can split on either of two categories:
a) Usage of “if” or “whether”
b) Usage of Present perfect or Past / Past Perfect

Since difficult to choose whether to use “if” or “whether”, went with latter category. Since the Mona Lisa painting was done in past, and historians want to determine whether it has been altered since its first creation, they are going to check any changes till the current date. An action may been performed with its reactions even visible at this point of time. So we need to choose Present Perfect.

Option (a) and (c) left.
Option a: “as done” is the incorrect modifier used to modify the preceding phrase / action (if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black.) . Sketching in black was a practice popularly used by the sculptors in early eras. Option C correctly states this fact.

Give KUDOS if you like the explanation.. :) :)
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   10 Mar 2015, 03:02
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
if_clause is used inappropriately to express the intended meaning of the sentence
"done" must be converted to "did"

(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed

(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed

(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done

(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   15 Apr 2015, 07:40
Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine
if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
Use of "IF" to show uncertainty is not correct. Whether is more appropriate here. "As done" introduces a comparison in a new clause, nevertheless the clause does not have a subject.

(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
this choice has the same error - if. Furthermore, this choice replaces present perfect (has been..) with past perfect (had been..). To show an action started in the past, but with effects in the present, present perfect must be used.

(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
this is the correct answers. The uncertainty is presented with "whether". The entities are parallel: whether Pronoun+verb || whether Noun+verb.
In addition, this answer choice corrects the error from the original sentence by changing the clause "as done.." with "a practice employed", which is a noun+noun modifier.

(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
although this answer choice corrects the IF error, it replaces present perfect with past passive voice "was altered". the error with clause at the end of the sentence still persists.

(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done
same error as in B with past perfect.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   27 Jun 2016, 04:01
My problem with 'Option C' is that with the usage of word 'has been' it indicates an action that started in the past and is still ongoing. How can the alteration be a continuous process since completion.?

I do agree that 'the practice employed' sounds way better than other options.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   31 Aug 2017, 02:37
Was stuck between C and D and picked D. At the time, this was my reasoning - I want to know how its wrong - and what is error in the recognition of tenses:

C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed - has been - present perfect - this means this alteration started now and still is happening. So how is it right? Isn't the investigation for figuring out of was altered at some point in the past, not the present?
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done 'was altered' - meant the alteration happened and finished as well - why is this wrong?

Would love to read a detailed explanation on this!
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   31 Aug 2017, 02:54
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narendran1990 wrote:
My problem with 'Option C' is that with the usage of word 'has been' it indicates an action that started in the past and is still ongoing. How can the alteration be a continuous process since completion.?

I do agree that 'the practice employed' sounds way better than other options.



Hello narendran1990,

I am not sure if you still have this doubt. Nonetheless, I would be glad to present my two cents here. :-)

Present perfect tense is also used:

1. for an action that took place in the recent past and the effect of which is felt or relevant in the present.

2. for an action that has taken place for sure but the time frame of which is not definite.

Use of has been altered is correct in Choice C as the sentence intends to say whether any changes have been made to Mona Lisa after it was completed. The alteration was done in the past sometime but still stays and hence is relevant in the present.


Hope this helps. :-)
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   31 Aug 2017, 03:07
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Madhavi1990 wrote:
Was stuck between C and D and picked D. At the time, this was my reasoning - I want to know how its wrong - and what is error in the recognition of tenses:

C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed - has been - present perfect - this means this alteration started now and still is happening. So how is it right? Isn't the investigation for figuring out of was altered at some point in the past, not the present?
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done 'was altered' - meant the alteration happened and finished as well - why is this wrong?

Would love to read a detailed explanation on this!


Hello Madhavi1990,

I will be glad to help you with this one. :-)

Please read my response to narendran1990 right above this post to know why usage of has been altered is correct in Choice C.

In Choice D, use of simple past tense verb was altered in incorrect because with since, we use present perfect tense verb to show the relevance of the action in the present.

Also the expression a practice employed by many artists is way better than as was done by many artists. In fact, the subject for the verb was done is not clear.


Hope this helps. :-)
Thanks.
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   14 Jul 2019, 21:21
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Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

The painting is either altered or it isn't. There isn't some sort of condition that needs to be met. As such, we use whether, not if
(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed


A lot of people have commented saying 'since' triggers present perfect. For example: I have been waiting here since 9:01AM.
Well since is TYPICALLY used with present perfect but greater logic can be applied here.
The historians want to determine whether something was altered. They don't know how many alterations were made, nor do they know the timing of such alterations so they cannot CONFIRM as to whether the alterations actually took place at a specified time in the past as "was" would indicate. For this reason I eliminated D.
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done

I don't know how correct this I was always corrected on using "done" when I was growing up. I was told to use "did" e.g. "I did do X" instead of "I done X". For this reason, Done looked far less appealing to me. Not sure of the nuances here

If it had been altered since completion then the painting was altered before it was completed. And this isn't what the historians are trying to determine. They are trying to determine if it was altered after completion.
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   18 Jul 2020, 10:52
Hi GMATNinja, would really like your help explaining here, very difficult to get it right. Special problem is in the OA since the first part has "whether it has been" tense form while the second has "whether Leonardo first sketched"
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Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink] New post   20 Jul 2020, 08:28
nitya34 wrote:
Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analyzing the Mona Lisa to determine if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done by many artists of the time.

(A) if it has been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as done
(B) if it had been altered since completion and if Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(C) whether it has been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice employed
(D) whether it was altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, as was done
(E) whether it had been altered since completion and whether Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the figure in black, a practice done


I correctly picked the answer C but I want to be sure if "as done" is the correct modifier for the preceding sentence.

Does anybody has any idea on the usage of "as done by many artists of the time"? What kind of modifier it is and what it is doing?
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gmatclubot
Re: Art historians are using a process known as infrared scanning in analy [#permalink]
20 Jul 2020, 08:28
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