Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research

Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to trigger regeneration of repaired cells, scientists are now well set to exploit stem cell theories into practical cures for a variety of dreaded ailments of man such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis.

(A). Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to trigger regeneration of repaired cells. [b]Based on is not the right idiom to refer/modify to the "scientists"[/b]

(B). Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice so that the regeneration of repaired cells may be triggered. Same reason as in A

(C). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to regenerate repaired cells, CORRECT ANSWER. Concise and properly modifies "Scientists".

(D). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice, which triggers regeneration of repaired cells. first part of the modifier is correct, but "which triggers regeneration of repaired cells" refers to mice, the nearest noun. which changes the meaning.

(E). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice that trigger regeneration of repaired cells. Same reason as D, just that 'which' is replaced with 'that'.
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Answer C
A.to trigger regeneration is wordy, modifier problem
B.wordy
C.'to regenerate' is better than A's usage
D.Modifies mice,changes meaning
E.Modifies mice,changes meaning

You can straight away eliminate D and E because of modifier errors.

Between A, B, and C its all about concision
If the options are grammatically correct then -
1. Verb Form > Adjective Form > Noun Form - VAN Pattern
2. Active > Passive


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Option A) and B) can be eliminated by placing the modifier right after the subject.

I eliminated D) on that basis that "triggers regeneration of repaired cells" is a required data to pin point which stem cell techniques. Hence That is required.

I didn't understand why "to regenerate repaired cells" is required? Normally I know if there is an intent, we need to use "to verb".

Any clarification?
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"Based on" and "Due to" have different meanings.

"Based on" means to use particular ideas/facts/revelations to come to a decision or to develop a theory etc.

The new technique is based on the results obtained from recent experiments etc...
His decision is based on recent events.
A is based on B.

A theory is based on certain data. People cannot be based on data.
"Based on ..." cannot modify people. Hence it is not correct to say "Based on A, scientists are now..."
It can modify a theory/decision etc.


"Due to" is used to present a reason.

He arrived late due to unexpected rain.
Due to A, B happened.
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Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to trigger regeneration of repaired cells, scientists are now well set to exploit stem cell theories into practical cures for a variety of dreaded ailments of man such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis.

(A). Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to trigger regeneration of repaired cells - If we take a closer look at (A), we get to understand that the structure of the sentence is as follows: "Based on....., scientists.." How can scientists be based on something? that does not make any logical sense.

(B). Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice so that the regeneration of repaired cells may be triggered - Has the same logical meaning error as described in (A). Moreover, 'so that' clause adds to the awkwardness of the sentence.

(C). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to regenerate repaired cells, - Has no error. (C) is an -ing clause that can be attributed to the subject 'scientists'. Hence, (C) is the right answer choice.

(D). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice, which triggers regeneration of repaired cells - (D) introduces the idea that it is the mice that 'triggers' regeneration of repaired cells, not the 'stem cell techniques'. This changes the intended meaning of the sentence.

(E). Using induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice that trigger regeneration of repaired cells - has a similar error as described in (D): (E) introduces the idea that 'mice' triggers regeneration of repaired cells, not the stem cell techniques. This changes the intended meaning of the sentence.

Hello experts

VeritasKarishma AndrewN sayantanc2k AjiteshArun GMATNinja

It might sound like very stupid question but even after going through several OG and NON OG questions which test Based on and due to, I could not understand why it is wrong to say "Based on some data, researchers / scientists come to know about this". I thought that because of not exposure to these kinds of questions or language, I cannot make sense of these questions and if see few question testing these things, it will make sense to me . But now also if solve these questions, I cannot understand why they are wrong.

Can you please help me to understand why it is wrong to say?
Based on induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to trigger regeneration of repaired cells, scientists are now well set to exploit stem cell theories into practical cures for a variety of dreaded ailments of man such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis

Thanks and regards

Hello kadamhari825,

We hope this finds you well.

Having gone through the question and your query, we believe that we can help resolve your doubt.

Since modifying phrases that are followed by a comma modify the noun immediately after the comma, the correct answer choice must modify "scientists" to produce a logical meaning. In Options A and B, the use of "Based" illogically implies that the scientists are based on "induced stem cell techniques", while the intended meaning is that the actions that the scientists take involve or are based on "induced stem cell techniques".

The correct answer choice uses the word "Using"; the use of this word conveys a different meaning -- that the "scientists" are making use of "induced stem cell techniques", leading to the intended meaning of the sentence that the scientists are using "induced stem cell techniques akin to those used for research purposes in mice to regenerate repaired cells" in the actions they take.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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Hello, kadamhari825. I see that another Expert has answered your query already. I will add that you have to pay attention to the entire based on stem to decide what is best for a given sentence. For instance, a different sentence could just as easily say,

Their hypotheses based on/rooted in [something], scientists...

Of course, it would then be clear that the hypotheses, not the scientists themselves, were based on whatever fit in the brackets above. We cannot say that people, in any case, are based on anything, let alone techniques, even if it is common to hear people talk this way, and we tend to understand what someone means when such a sentence is spoken (or written). At a barebones level, the original sentence is saying,

Based on techniques, scientists are set to exploit theories.

Again, people cannot be based on something. Note that basing [something] on could work in the sentence, but there, too, we would need a noun to be wedged in to make the modifier work. Consider:

Basing their work on induced stem cell techniques..., scientists...

I hope that helps clarify any lingering concerns you may have had. Good luck with your studies, and thank you for thinking to ask me about the question.

- Andrew
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