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# Fresh Meat!!!

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Math Expert
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17 Apr 2013, 06:11
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The next set of PS questions. I'll post OA's with detailed explanations after some discussion. Please, post your solutions along with the answers.

1. The length of the diagonal of square S, as well as the lengths of the diagonals of rhombus R are integers. The ratio of the lengths of the diagonals is 15:11:9, respectively. Which of the following could be the difference between the area of square S and the area of rhombus R?

I. 63
II. 126
III. 252

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-80.html#p1215318

2. Set S contains 7 different letters. How many subsets of set S, including an empty set, contain at most 3 letters?

A. 29
B. 56
C. 57
D. 63
E. 64

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215323

3. How many different subsets of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} do not contain 0?

A. 16
B. 27
C. 31
D. 32
E. 64

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215329

4. The functions f and g are defined for all the positive integers n by the following rule: f(n) is the number of positive perfect squares less than n and g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n. If f(x) + g(x) = 16, then x is in the range:

A. 30 < x < 36
B. 30 < x < 37
C. 31 < x < 37
D. 31 < x < 38
E. 32 < x < 38

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215335

5. Which of the following is a factor of 18!+1?

A. 15
B. 17
C. 19
D. 33
E. 39

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215338

6. If the least common multiple of a positive integer x, 4^3 and 6^5 is 6^6. Then x can take how many values?

A. 1
B. 6
C. 7
D. 30
E. 36

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215345

7. The greatest common divisor of two positive integers is 25. If the sum of the integers is 350, then how many such pairs are possible?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215349

8. The product of a positive integer x and 377,910 is divisible by 3,300, then the least value of x is:

A. 10
B. 11
C. 55
D. 110
E. 330

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215359

9. What is the 101st digit after the decimal point in the decimal representation of 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/37?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 5
D. 7
E. 8

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215367

10. If x is not equal to 0 and x^y=1, then which of the following must be true?

I. x=1
II. x=1 and y=0
III. x=1 or y=0

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. None

Solution: fresh-meat-151046-100.html#p1215370

Kudos points for each correct solution!!!
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17 May 2014, 08:39
NGGMAT wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
NGGMAT wrote:
Dear Bunnel

I didnt understand this.

y didnt we take the set {1,2,3,4,5} into consideration and solve like the above qs? where did we get 2^5 from?

What do you mean by the red part?

As for 2^5: the number of subsets of n-element set is 2^n, thus the number of subsets of 5-element set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is 2^5 (note that this includes an empty set as well as the original set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}). Now, all subsets of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} are the subsets of {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and does not include 0.

Does this make sense?

By red part i meant that y we havent solved it like we did the below qs:

2. Set S contains 7 different letters. How many subsets of set S, including an empty set, contain at most 3 letters?

A. 29
B. 56
C. 57
D. 63
E. 64

1 empty set;
C^1_7=7 sets with one element;
C^2_7=21 sets with two elements;
C^3_7=35 sets with three element.

Total 1+7+21+35=64 sets

y did 2^n come into qs 3 and not qs 2?

We could use 2^n for the second question too:

{The number of subsets with 0, 1, 2, or 3 terms} = {The total # of subsets} - {Subsets with 4, 5, 6, or 7 elements} = $$2^7 - (C^4_7+C^5_7+C^6_7+C^7_7)=128-(35+21+7+1)=64$$.

But as you can see this approach is longer than the one used in my solution for that question.
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25 May 2014, 11:41
Hi Bunuel,

1. I went about the combinatorial approach and got 31 and saw your response below that states that one subset is the null set (empty set)

2. Now I also came across M16-23 in the GMAT club tests that states that "If the mean of the set S does not exceed mean of any subset of set S, which of the following must be true about set S?" And the right answer to that question is "all elements in set S are equal" and "the median of set S equals the mean of set S".

Aren't 1 and 2 contradictory? The only way in question M16-23 set S can have a mean more than mean of every subset including null set is if set S is null itself?

I am sure I am overthinking this and just need my caffeine.

Thanks,
Meera

Bunuel wrote:
jacg20 wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
3. How many different subsets of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} do not contain 0?

A. 16
B. 27
C. 31
D. 32
E. 64

Consider the set without 0: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Each out of 5 elements of the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} has TWO options: either to be included in the subset or not, so total number of subsets of this set is 2^5=32. Now, each such set will be a subset of {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and won't include 0.

Hi Bunuel,

I did this exercise as follows:

I eliminate the 0, so i have the following set: (1,2,3,4,5). Now, i use combinatorics.

Set containing 5 elements: 5C5=1
Set containing 4 elements: 4C5=5
Set containing 3 elements: 3C5=10
Set containing 2 elements: 2C5=10
Set containing 1 elements: 1C5=5

So, the total of posibilites are 31. What am I missing here¿??

You are missing 1 empty set, which is a subset of the original set and also does not contain 0.

Hope it's clear.
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28 May 2014, 03:53
Miraarun12345 wrote:
Hi Bunuel,

1. I went about the combinatorial approach and got 31 and saw your response below that states that one subset is the null set (empty set)

2. Now I also came across M16-23 in the GMAT club tests that states that "If the mean of the set S does not exceed mean of any subset of set S, which of the following must be true about set S?" And the right answer to that question is "all elements in set S are equal" and "the median of set S equals the mean of set S".

Aren't 1 and 2 contradictory? The only way in question M16-23 set S can have a mean more than mean of every subset including null set is if set S is null itself?

I am sure I am overthinking this and just need my caffeine.

Thanks,
Meera

Bunuel wrote:
3. How many different subsets of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} do not contain 0?

A. 16
B. 27
C. 31
D. 32
E. 64

Consider the set without 0: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Each out of 5 elements of the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} has TWO options: either to be included in the subset or not, so total number of subsets of this set is 2^5=32. Now, each such set will be a subset of {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and won't include 0.

The point is that an empty set has no mean or the median, so when considering the subsets of S, we can ignore an empty set. Anyway this is out of the scope of the GMAT, so I wouldn't worry about it at all.
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20 Aug 2014, 01:35
1
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If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.

Why g(31) = 10 is not a prime number.

Bunuel wrote:
4. The functions f and g are defined for all the positive integers n by the following rule: f(n) is the number of positive perfect squares less than n and g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n. If f(x) + g(x) = 16, then x is in the range:

A. 30 < x < 36
B. 30 < x < 37
C. 31 < x < 37
D. 31 < x < 38
E. 32 < x < 38

Perfect squares: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..,
Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, ...

If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.
If x = 32, then f(32) = 5 and g(32) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
...
If x = 36, then f(36) = 5 and g(36) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
If x = 37, then f(37) = 6 and g(37) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 6 + 11 = 17.

Thus x could be 32, 33, 34, 35 or 36: 31<x<37.

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20 Aug 2014, 03:31
arindamsur wrote:
If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.

Why g(31) = 10 is not a prime number.

Bunuel wrote:
4. The functions f and g are defined for all the positive integers n by the following rule: f(n) is the number of positive perfect squares less than n and g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n. If f(x) + g(x) = 16, then x is in the range:

A. 30 < x < 36
B. 30 < x < 37
C. 31 < x < 37
D. 31 < x < 38
E. 32 < x < 38

Perfect squares: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..,
Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, ...

If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.
If x = 32, then f(32) = 5 and g(32) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
...
If x = 36, then f(36) = 5 and g(36) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
If x = 37, then f(37) = 6 and g(37) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 6 + 11 = 17.

Thus x could be 32, 33, 34, 35 or 36: 31<x<37.

Why should it be?

g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n: the number of prime numbers less than 31 is 10: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29.
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Updated on: 09 Sep 2014, 07:46
Bunuel wrote:
3. How many different subsets of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} do not contain 0?

A. 16
B. 27
C. 31
D. 32
E. 64

Consider the set without 0: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Each out of 5 elements of the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} has TWO options: either to be included in the subset or not, so total number of subsets of this set is 2^5=32. Now, each such set will be a subset of {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and won't include 0.

I used a choose method and got 31. With the binary method you used, there is a set which contains no numbers. This increases the number to 32. But the question doesn't say there can be a subset with no numbers because 0 is also not included... but I like the binary method & may use it on these kinds of problems & just subtract 1 if that is necessary so THANK YOU. Thank you

Originally posted by logophobic on 09 Sep 2014, 07:35.
Last edited by logophobic on 09 Sep 2014, 07:46, edited 3 times in total.
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09 Sep 2014, 07:38
1
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Expert's post
logophobic wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
3. How many different subsets of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} do not contain 0?

A. 16
B. 27
C. 31
D. 32
E. 64

Consider the set without 0: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Each out of 5 elements of the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} has TWO options: either to be included in the subset or not, so total number of subsets of this set is 2^5=32. Now, each such set will be a subset of {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and won't include 0.

I used a choose method and got 31. With the binary method you used, there is a set which contains no numbers. This increases the number to 32. But the question doesn't say there can be a subset with no numbers because 0 is also not included...

Empty set is a subset of all non-empty sets.
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12 Dec 2014, 23:26
Bunuel wrote:
4. The functions f and g are defined for all the positive integers n by the following rule: f(n) is the number of positive perfect squares less than n and g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n. If f(x) + g(x) = 16, then x is in the range:

A. 30 < x < 36
B. 30 < x < 37
C. 31 < x < 37
D. 31 < x < 38
E. 32 < x < 38

Perfect squares: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..,
Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, ...

If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.
If x = 32, then f(32) = 5 and g(32) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
...
If x = 36, then f(36) = 5 and g(36) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
If x = 37, then f(37) = 6 and g(37) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 6 + 11 = 17.

Thus x could be 32, 33, 34, 35 or 36: 31<x<37.

My reasoning IF x=36, there are 6 perfect squares NOT 5 (1,2,3,4,5,,6), and the sum would be 17. Thus the answer A is correct.
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13 Dec 2014, 05:44
mika84 wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
4. The functions f and g are defined for all the positive integers n by the following rule: f(n) is the number of positive perfect squares less than n and g(n) is the number of primes numbers less than n. If f(x) + g(x) = 16, then x is in the range:

A. 30 < x < 36
B. 30 < x < 37
C. 31 < x < 37
D. 31 < x < 38
E. 32 < x < 38

Perfect squares: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..,
Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, ...

If x = 31, then f(31) = 5 and g(31) = 10: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 10 = 15.
If x = 32, then f(32) = 5 and g(32) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
...
If x = 36, then f(36) = 5 and g(36) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 5 + 11 = 16.
If x = 37, then f(37) = 6 and g(37) = 11: f(x) + g(x) = 6 + 11 = 17.

Thus x could be 32, 33, 34, 35 or 36: 31<x<37.

My reasoning IF x=36, there are 6 perfect squares NOT 5 (1,2,3,4,5,,6), and the sum would be 17. Thus the answer A is correct.

There are 5 positive perfect squares less than 36: 1 = 1^1, 4 = 2^2, 9 = 3^2, 16 = 4^4, and 25 = 5^2.
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13 Dec 2014, 06:56
mika84 wrote:
And if the answer C, then there are 6 perfect squares (1,2,3,4,5 and 6^2=36)+11=17 - which is not correct - If C is correct, please explain why 36 is excluded then?

Because we are looking for positive perfect squares LESS than 36.
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08 Jan 2016, 14:39
Bunuel wrote:
9. What is the 101st digit after the decimal point in the decimal representation of 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/37?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 5
D. 7
E. 8

$$\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{27} + \frac{1}{37}=\frac{333}{999} + \frac{111}{999} + \frac{37}{999} + \frac{27}{999}=\frac{508}{999}=0.508508...$$.

102nd digit will be 8, thus 101st digit will be 0.

Can we see that since 5 is the first digit it will be the 100th digit and count from there or is that pure luck on this problem?
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10 Jan 2016, 06:16
redfield wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
9. What is the 101st digit after the decimal point in the decimal representation of 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/37?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 5
D. 7
E. 8

$$\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{27} + \frac{1}{37}=\frac{333}{999} + \frac{111}{999} + \frac{37}{999} + \frac{27}{999}=\frac{508}{999}=0.508508...$$.

102nd digit will be 8, thus 101st digit will be 0.

Can we see that since 5 is the first digit it will be the 100th digit and count from there or is that pure luck on this problem?

Pattern starts with 5 and repeats in block of three: 508 508 508... Thus 5 will be 100th digit because 100 = {multiple of 3} + 1 and 101st digit will be next number in pattern - 0.
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18 Aug 2017, 02:21
Bunuel wrote:
6. If the least common multiple of a positive integer x, 4^3 and 6^5 is 6^6. Then x can take how many values?

A. 1
B. 6
C. 7
D. 30
E. 36

We are given that $$6^6=2^{6}*3^{6}$$ is the least common multiple of the following three numbers:

x;
$$4^3=2^6$$;
$$6^5 = 2^{5}*3^5$$;

First notice that $$x$$ cannot have any other primes other than 2 or/and 3, because LCM contains only these primes.

Now, since the power of 3 in LCM is higher than the powers of 3 in either the second number or in the third, than $$x$$ must have $$3^{6}$$ as its multiple (else how $$3^{6}$$ would appear in LCM?).

Next, $$x$$ can have 2 as its prime in ANY power ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive (it cannot have higher power of 2 since LCM limits the power of 2 to 6).

Thus, $$x$$ could take total of 7 values.

Bunuel,
please correct me if I am wrong,
the 7 values included below?
1) 3
2) 2
3) 2^2
4) 2^3
5) 2^4
6) 2^5
7) 2^6

Thank you so much
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18 Aug 2017, 02:31
pclawong wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
6. If the least common multiple of a positive integer x, 4^3 and 6^5 is 6^6. Then x can take how many values?

A. 1
B. 6
C. 7
D. 30
E. 36

We are given that $$6^6=2^{6}*3^{6}$$ is the least common multiple of the following three numbers:

x;
$$4^3=2^6$$;
$$6^5 = 2^{5}*3^5$$;

First notice that $$x$$ cannot have any other primes other than 2 or/and 3, because LCM contains only these primes.

Now, since the power of 3 in LCM is higher than the powers of 3 in either the second number or in the third, than $$x$$ must have $$3^{6}$$ as its multiple (else how $$3^{6}$$ would appear in LCM?).

Next, $$x$$ can have 2 as its prime in ANY power ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive (it cannot have higher power of 2 since LCM limits the power of 2 to 6).

Thus, $$x$$ could take total of 7 values.

Bunuel,
please correct me if I am wrong,
the 7 values included below?
1) 3
2) 2
3) 2^2
4) 2^3
5) 2^4
6) 2^5
7) 2^6

Thank you so much

x can take the following 7 values:
$$3^6$$;
$$2*3^6$$;
$$2^2*3^6$$;
$$2^3*3^6$$;
$$2^4*3^6$$;
$$2^5*3^6$$;
$$2^6*3^6$$.
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18 Aug 2017, 02:38
pclawong wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
7. The greatest common divisor of two positive integers is 25. If the sum of the integers is 350, then how many such pairs are possible?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

We are told that the greatest common factor of two integers is 25. So, these integers are $$25x$$ and $$25y$$, for some positive integers $$x$$ and $$y$$. Notice that $$x$$ and $$y$$ must not share any common factor but 1, because if they do, then GCF of $$25x$$ and $$25y$$ will be more that 25.

Next, we know that $$25x+25y=350$$ --> $$x+y=14$$ --> since $$x$$ and $$y$$ don't share any common factor but 1 then (x, y) can be only (1, 13), (3, 11) or (5, 9) (all other pairs (2, 12), (4, 10), (6, 8) and (7, 7) do share common factor greater than 1).

So, there are only three pairs of such numbers possible:
25*1=25 and 25*13=325;
25*3=75 and 25*11=275;
25*5=125 and 25*9=225.

Bunuel,
How do we know if x and y do not share any common factor?
what is the hint?
Thank you

If x and y are NOT co-prime, the GCD of $$25x$$ and $$25y$$ will be more than 25, not 25 as given.
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30 Aug 2017, 05:14
Bunuel wrote:
6. If the least common multiple of a positive integer x, 4^3 and 6^5 is 6^6. Then x can take how many values?

A. 1
B. 6
C. 7
D. 30
E. 36

We are given that $$6^6=2^{6}*3^{6}$$ is the least common multiple of the following three numbers:

x;
$$4^3=2^6$$;
$$6^5 = 2^{5}*3^5$$;

First notice that $$x$$ cannot have any other primes other than 2 or/and 3, because LCM contains only these primes.

Now, since the power of 3 in LCM is higher than the powers of 3 in either the second number or in the third, than $$x$$ must have $$3^{6}$$ as its multiple (else how $$3^{6}$$ would appear in LCM?).

Next, $$x$$ can have 2 as its prime in ANY power ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive (it cannot have higher power of 2 since LCM limits the power of 2 to 6).

Thus, $$x$$ could take total of 7 values.

Hu bunuel , I understood the logic but how the total came to 7 for 3power 6 and 2 power any value between 2 to 6?
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30 Aug 2017, 05:17
r19 wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
6. If the least common multiple of a positive integer x, 4^3 and 6^5 is 6^6. Then x can take how many values?

A. 1
B. 6
C. 7
D. 30
E. 36

We are given that $$6^6=2^{6}*3^{6}$$ is the least common multiple of the following three numbers:

x;
$$4^3=2^6$$;
$$6^5 = 2^{5}*3^5$$;

First notice that $$x$$ cannot have any other primes other than 2 or/and 3, because LCM contains only these primes.

Now, since the power of 3 in LCM is higher than the powers of 3 in either the second number or in the third, than $$x$$ must have $$3^{6}$$ as its multiple (else how $$3^{6}$$ would appear in LCM?).

Next, $$x$$ can have 2 as its prime in ANY power ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive (it cannot have higher power of 2 since LCM limits the power of 2 to 6).

Thus, $$x$$ could take total of 7 values.

Hu bunuel , I understood the logic but how the total came to 7 for 3power 6 and 2 power any value between 2 to 6?

x can take the following 7 values:
$$3^6$$;
$$2*3^6$$;
$$2^2*3^6$$;
$$2^3*3^6$$;
$$2^4*3^6$$;
$$2^5*3^6$$;
$$2^6*3^6$$.
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12 Sep 2017, 02:38
[quote="Bunuel"]10. If x is not equal to 0 and x^y=1, then which of the following must be true?

I. x=1
II. x=1 and y=0
III. x=1 or y=0

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. None

Notice that if x=-1 and y is any even number, then $$(-1)^{even}=1$$, thus none of the options must be true.

Why is the option b incorrect? If x is equal to 1 and its raised to the power 0 then it will be 1 only.
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12 Sep 2017, 02:42
manik919 wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
10. If x is not equal to 0 and x^y=1, then which of the following must be true?

I. x=1
II. x=1 and y=0
III. x=1 or y=0

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. None

Notice that if x=-1 and y is any even number, then $$(-1)^{even}=1$$, thus none of the options must be true.

Why is the option b incorrect? If x is equal to 1 and its raised to the power 0 then it will be 1 only.

Notice that the question asks "which of the following must be true" not "which of the following could be true". While II COULD be true it's not necessarily true (not always true). For example, if x=-1 and y is any even number, then $$(-1)^{even}=1$$.
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26 Apr 2018, 04:18
8. The product of a positive integer x and 377,910 is divisible by 3,300, then the least value of x is:

A. 10
B. 11
C. 55
D. 110
E. 330

Solution -

Question can be re-written in simpler forms as - (x*377910)/3300
And what we have to check here is - Can 3300 fully divide the numerator ?

Upon further simplification, it becomes - (x*12597)/110

Now prime factorize the denominator - 2*5*11
None of these prime factors can further divide 12597. Therefore 12597 should be multiplied by 110 (i.e., x should be 110), in order for the expression to get fully reduced.

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