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New Project RC Butler 2019 - Practice 2 RC Passages EverydayPassage # 316, Date : 07-Sep-2019
This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019.
Click here for Details Gene therapy offers a new treatment paradigm for curing human disease. Rather than altering the disease phenotype by using agents that interact with gene products, or are themselves gene products, gene therapy can theoretically modify specific genes resulting in disease cure following a single administration. Initially gene therapy was envisioned for the treatment of genetic disorders, but is currently being studied for use with a wide range of diseases, including cancer, peripheral vascular disease, arthritis, Neurodegenerative disorders and other acquired diseases.
Certain key elements are required for a successful gene therapy strategy. The most elementary of these is that the relevant gene be identified and cloned. Upon completion of the Human Genome Project, gene availability will be unlimited. Once identified and cloned, the next consideration must be expression of the gene. Questions pertaining to the efficiency of gene transfer and gene expression remain at the forefront of gene therapy research, with current debates revolving around the transfer of desired genes to appropriate cells, and then to obtaining sufficient levels of expression for disease treatment. With luck, future research on gene transfer and tissue-specific gene expression will resolve these issues for the majority of gene therapy protocols.
Other important considerations for a gene therapy strategy include a sufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of the targeted disorder, potential side effects of the gene therapy treatment, and a more in depth understanding of the target cells which are to receive gene therapy.
Gene transfer vector is the mechanism by which the gene is transferred into a cell. Currently there are at least 150 clinical gene therapy protocols worldwide. Since the approval process for these protocols is not as public outside the U.S. , it is difficult to ascertain the exact number of worldwide protocols. As of December 1995, 1024 patients had been treated with either a gene transfer or gene therapy protocol. Much controversy exists regarding how many of these patients have benefited from their gene therapy, and no one has yet been cured.
Public controversy in the field of human gene therapy is driven by several factors. Ordinary citizens as well as scientists easily understand the enormous potential of gene therapy, but the former may not appreciate all the pitfalls and uncertainly that lie in the immediate future. The financial interests of biotechnology firms and, some have asserted, the career interests of some gene therapists have encouraged extravagant, or at least overly optimistic public statements about contemporary gene therapy. In spite of the proliferation of protocols, the actual number of patients treated remains small, and only one genuinely controlled study of human gene therapy has been published as of this date.
1. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible obstacle to the introduction of gene therapy to mainstream medicine?A. Overly optimistic public statements given by scientists who have a vested interest
B. The general public's difficulty in grasping gene therapy's vast potential.
C. Unchecked financial interests of biotechnology firms.
D. The relatively small number of controlled studies of human gene therapy published as of this date.
E. Hazards of which the general public is currently unaware.
2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as elements that are required for a successful gene therapy strategy EXCEPT:A. Identifying the relevant gene
B. Expressing the relevant gene
C. Determining the side effects of the relevant gene
D. Understanding of the pathogenesis of the targeted disorder
E. Gaining and a more in depth understanding of the target cells which are to receive gene therapy.
3. The author's attitude toward the gene therapy as a future cure for cancer, peripheral vascular disease, arthritis, Neurodegenerative disorders and other acquired diseases isA. Indifference
B. Disapproval
C. Amusement
D. Cautious optimism
E. Censure
4. The primary function of the fifth paragraph is toA. Explain effects
B. Recommend actions
C. Identify problems
D. Evaluate solutions
E. Warn of consequences
Main points of the passage:
Gene therapy is offering a new treatment paradigm - till now, "altering the disease phenotype by using agents that interact with gene products, or are themselves gene products" was used. New paradigm focusses on "modifying specific genes resulting in disease cure following a single administration".
What is required for successful gene therapy strategy? Identify genes, clone genes, expression of the genes...
Other important considerations are sufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of the targeted disorder, potential side effects of the gene therapy treatment, and a more in depth understanding of the target cells which are to receive gene therapy.
There are at least 150 clinical gene therapy protocols worldwide, 1024 patients had been treated with either a gene transfer or gene therapy protocol. Much controversy exists regarding how many of these patients have benefited from their gene therapy, and no one has yet been cured.
Public controversy in the field of human gene therapy is driven by several factors. Ordinary people may not appreciate all the pitfalls and uncertainly that lie in the immediate future. Biotech firms have given overly optimistic public statements. The actual number of patients treated is small, and only one genuinely controlled study of human gene therapy has been published.1. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible obstacle to the introduction of gene therapy to mainstream medicine?A. Overly optimistic public statements given by scientists who have a vested interest
B. The general public's difficulty in grasping gene therapy's vast potential.
C. Unchecked financial interests of biotechnology firms.
D. The relatively small number of controlled studies of human gene therapy published as of this date.
E. Hazards of which the general public is currently unaware.
What is a possible obstacle to introduction of gene therapy into mainstream medicine (in public) in the future? What will cause problems when gene therapy is introduced to public? (note the use of the word 'anticipates')
The question asks for what obstacles/problems/issues will be faced when gene therapy is introduced to public.
A. Overly optimistic public statements given by scientists who have a vested interest
The author tells us that we are in initial stages yet and that biotech firms have given overly optimistic statements. But this is not an obstacle to introducing gene therapy in mainstream medicine.
B. The general public's difficulty in grasping gene therapy's vast potential.
We are given that the general public does understand gene therapy's vast potential.
C. Unchecked financial interests of biotechnology firms.
We only know that unchecked financial interests of biotechnology firms have led to overly optimistic statements. No obstacles given.
D. The relatively small number of controlled studies of human gene therapy published as of this date.
So we know that we are at the initial stages yet. But this is not an obstacle for when we are ready to introduce to general public. We need an obstacle we might face at that time.
E. Hazards of which the general public is currently unaware.
Correct. The author tells us that there is much public controversy. People do not understand the pitfalls and hazards. So this could be an obstacle in introducing it to public. We cannot introduce them to something whose possible repercussions they don't fully understand.
Answer (E)
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Updated on: 08 Jul 2022, 11:21
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