I once met an elephant that was so emotionally attached to her human friend that she would slam her head into trees when that human went home to his own family at night, just because she was sad to see him go. I am not making this up. Elephants are really interesting critters.

This one sounds great! The parallelism is reasonable enough: “...elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks…” That works. And then the phrase beginning with “dislodging” modifies the previous clause, and tells us more about the consequences of the elephants’ habit of digging and churning the ground. Reasonable enough.

But hopefully you’re looking at the non-underlined portion of the sentence. That “its” at the very end of the sentence should jump off the page at you. If we’re saying “its mouth”, then there must only be one elephant, right? Trouble is, “African elephants” is plural.

That’s spectacularly wrong. (A) is out.


The fast error: “African elephants” is still wrong, since the end of the sentence says “its mouth.”

For whatever it’s worth, the parallelism is also not exactly ideal here. Why would we start a brand-new clause with the phrase “they churn… and dislodge…”? That’s not WRONG, exactly, but there’s no good reason to do that, when all three verbs are actions performed by the same subject (the elephants). Why bother repeating the subject for no good reason?

But even if you’re not convinced that inserting “they” is a problem here, the pronoun definitely is. (B) is gone.


All three verbs (obtain, churn, dislodge) are parallel here, and that’s cute.

Trouble is, we have the same pronoun problem as in (A) and (B): “African elephants… their tusks… its mouth.” That’s not cute. Eliminate (C).


Well, now “the African elephant” is singular, and that’s great, since it now matches the pronoun “its.”

In case you’re wondering: sometimes, it’s OK to use the singular form of an animal to talk about the species as a whole. That’s exactly what you’ll hear on most wildlife documentaries. It sounds funny to my American ears, but you’ll see that same usage in quite a few GMAT questions.

What about the parallelism? “...the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging... ” That’s OK, I guess. In this construction, “churning” and “dislodging” are two modifiers (participles, if you like the jargon) that give us extra information about what happens when the elephant “obtains salt and minerals.”

It might not be the way I would choose to write the sentence in real life, but I can definitely live with it on the GMAT. Let’s keep (D).


“Elephant” is singular again here, and that’s good. But the parallelism isn’t good: “the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges...”

That’s a classic parallelism error: we have “the elephant (verb), (verb), and (pronoun verb). That’s not OK.

(E) is out, and (D) is the correct answer.
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The non-underlined part of the sentence gives the biggest clue as to what we need to start the sentence with, “African elephants” or “the African elephant”? To be more precise, “into its mouth” hints that we need a singular “the African elephant”. Hence, we can safely eliminate A, B, and C.

A. African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.

1. All the three actions, namely “dig up earth, churn the ground, and dislodge large pieces”, constitute one big action, namely “obtain salt and minerals”. This last one is the purpose from performing all first three. As written here, such connection is lost, and the conjunction “and” implies that “dig up earth” and “churn the mineral” are two independent, unrelated actions. Not the intended meaning.
2. “its mouth” disagreed with plural “African elephants”.


B. African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals, and they churn the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodge large pieces of soil into its mouth.

1. All the three actions, namely “dig up earth, churn the ground, and dislodge large pieces”, constitute one big action, namely “obtain salt and minerals”. This last one is the purpose from performing all first three. As written here, such connection is lost, and the conjunction “and” implies that “dig up earth” and “churn the mineral” and “dislodge large pieces” are three independent, unrelated actions. Not the intended meaning.
2. “its mouth” disagreed with plural “African elephants”.


C. African elephants often obtain salt and minerals by digging up earth, churn the ground with their gigantic tusks, and dislodge large pieces of soil into its mouth.

1. All the three actions, namely “dig up earth, churn the ground, and dislodge large pieces”, constitute one big action, namely “obtain salt and minerals”. This last one is the purpose from performing all first three. As written here, such connection is lost, and the conjunction “and” implies that “obtain salt and minerals” and “churn the mineral” and “dislodge large pieces” are three independent, unrelated actions. Not the intended meaning.
2. “its mouth” disagreed with plural “African elephants”.


D. the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.

Bingo. The correct answer. The elephant obtains salt by doing A, B, and C. The intended meaning.


E. the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges large pieces of soil into its mouth.

1. Non-parallel elements: the African elephant obtains, churns, and it dislodges. The last element is non-parallel.
2. All the three actions, namely “dig up earth, churn the ground, and dislodge large pieces”, constitute one big action, namely “obtain salt and minerals”. This last one is the purpose from performing all first three. As written here, such connection is lost, and the conjunction “and” implies that “obtain salt and minerals” and “churn the mineral” and “dislodge large pieces” are three independent, unrelated actions. Not the intended meaning.


Hence D

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Answer is D

To supplement a vegetarian diet that contains surprisingly few nutrients, African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.


(A) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging

In non underlined portion it's refer to singular African elephant
So it should be the African elephant vs. African elephants
Incorrect choice

(B) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals, and they churn the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodge

In non underlined portion it's refer to singular African elephant
So it should be the African elephant vs. African elephants
Incorrect choice

(C) African elephants often obtain salt and minerals by digging up earth, churn the ground with their gigantic tusks, and dislodge

In non underlined portion it's refer to singular African elephant
So it should be the African elephant vs. African elephants
Incorrect choice

(D) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging

In non underlined portion it's refer to singular African elephant
So it should be the African elephant vs. African elephants
Also parallelism is maintained
Digging....., Churning..., And dislodging.....
So this choice is best among the rest.
Correct answer
(E) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges

Corrected Subject verb agreement but parallelism error also presence of it is confusing
Incorrect

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IMO D

To supplement a vegetarian diet that contains surprisingly few nutrients, African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.

# The Easy to Spot error is the Pronoun number agreement. The Singular Pronoun "Its" Should refer to singular "Elephant" and not "Elephants"

# Meaning Error: To Supplement a vegetarian diet, Elephant (a) dig up earth to obtain salt & mineral (b) Churn the ground with gigantic tusks.
Both of them not make sense. "To supplement a diet, elephant obtain salt & mineral" Churning & dislodging should be parallel & modify the previous clause.

(A) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging Incorrect -
Pronoun number Error (its-elephants), Meaning Error (To supplement, Elephants dig (obtain)...) & (To supplement diet, Elephant churn)-

(B) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals, and they churn the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodge Incorrect
Pronoun number Error (its-elephants), Meaning Error (To supplement, Elephants obtain...)

(C) African elephants often obtain salt and minerals by digging up earth, churn the ground with their gigantic tusks, and dislodge Incorrect
Pronoun number Error (its-elephants), Meaning Error (To supplement, Elephants obtain, churn, dislodge...)

(D) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging Correct-
To Supplement diet, Elephant obtains...., Churning & dislodging. (V-ing modifier Churning & dislodging modify previous clause i.e it is providing effect of the previous clause

(E) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth,churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges Incorrect
Meaning Error (To supplement diet, Elephant obtains , churns, and it dislodges) forced parallelism makes the meaning akward.

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To supplement a vegetarian diet that contains surprisingly few nutrients, African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.


(A) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging

(B) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals, and they churn the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodge

(C) African elephants often obtain salt and minerals by digging up earth, churn the ground with their gigantic tusks, and dislodge

(D) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging

(E) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges


POE-

A, B & C - eliminate, 'its mouth' singular, so singular subject required

D & E - E out , parallelism error after 'and'

so answer D

IMO D

Easy to spot error-Pronoun number agreement. The Singular Pronoun "Its" Should refer to singular "Elephant" and not "Elephants"

We can startightaway remove option A, B & C with this error

Another error is
Meaning Error: To Supplement a vegetarian diet, Elephant (a) dig up earth to obtain salt & mineral (b) Churn the ground with gigantic tusks.
Both of them not make sense. "To supplement a diet, elephant obtain salt & mineral" Churning & dislodging should be parallel & modify the previous clause.

With this we can remove Option E, also A,B & C have same error

Hence Option D is Correct

Option D :- To Supplement diet, Elephant obtains...., Churning & dislodging. (V-ing modifier Churning & dislodging modify previous clause i.e it is providing effect of the previous clause


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To supplement a vegetarian diet that contains surprisingly few nutrients, African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging large pieces of soil into its mouth.


(A) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals and churn the ground with gigantic tusks, dislodging
Incorrect - pronoun error , subject does not match with its

(B) African elephants often dig up earth to obtain salt and minerals, and they churn the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodge
Incorrect - same error as above

(C) African elephants often obtain salt and minerals by digging up earth, churn the ground with their gigantic tusks, and dislodge
Incorrect - same error along with parallelism error - digging, churn and dislodge

(D) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churning the ground with gigantic tusks and dislodging
Correct

(E) the African elephant often obtains salt and minerals by digging up earth, churns the ground with gigantic tusks, and it dislodges
Incorrect - parallelism error
Parallel list is digs, churns and dislodges

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