Official Explanation
This sentence has a very complex comparison: we are comparing one action and its result to another action and its result.
Split #1: Human beings vs. biological entities: what's the right phasing? Humans are biological entities, so humans have a place among biological entities. That phrasing of (E) affirms, yes, humans themselves are biological entities themselves. The "compared with" phrasing of (A) or the "compared to" phrasing of (B) implies that humans are something other than, outside of, biological entities, which is not the sense of the sentence. The phrase "place with biological entities" in (D) is ambiguous, open to many interpretations, and therefore not ideal. The phrasing "in the midst of biological entities" in (C) strongly suggests a physical position standing in the middle of, say, a group of animals; yes, a metaphorical interpretation would be conceivable, but such an interpretation is a little more poetic than the GMAT typically displays.
Split #2: the comparison. Both the first & the second half of the sentence should be full independent clauses.
(A)[clause #1], "likewise" [proposition][noun][participle] --- the second half is not a full clause, and in fact, the GMAT doesn't approve of the "with"[noun][participle] structure. This is incorrect.
(B) The past perfect verb in the first clause is incorrect. Furthermore, the pronoun "this" seems to be referring to something abstract, the quality of Darwin's action. Pronouns can't do this. Any pronoun needs a clear, unambiguous, explicitly mentioned noun as its antecedent, and this pronoun does not have such an antecedent. This is definitely incorrect.
(C)[clause #1], "and in an entirely comparable manner," [clause #2] --- technically correct, but very wordy and awkward. The use of the hypothetical phrasing in the second clause, "would subordinate," is unjustified. This is not correct.
(D) This presents an illogical comparison, comparing Darwin's ideas to Freud the person. This is incorrect.
(E)"Just as" [clause #1], "so" [clause #2] ---- not only perfectly correct, but also elegant. This uses the"just as P, so Q" idiom for linking two independent clauses. The use of the present perfect tense for the verbs in both clauses is correct and parallel.
For all these reasons, (E) is the only possible answer.