In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled,thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

For option E - can anyone explain -- how can HAD RAISED be correct here when there are no two past events occurring? My understanding was past perfect can be used when two events are in the past and the earlier event takes the past perfect form.

Can anyone please explain this?

cuhmoon

Here is sentence structure with correct option:

In late 1997, the chambers (Independent clause - 1 starts)
inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza (modifier)
were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because (Independent clause - 1 ends and new IC 2 starts with because)
moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing (IC2 ends)
Exhaled is a verb-ed modifier here and that is a noun modifier referring to levels

As you can now see we clearly have later action - were closed - in simple past and had raised in past perfect to describe former of two events.

Hope this helps!

Hello Everyone!

Let's tackle this question, one issue at a time, to narrow the options down to find the correct choice! First, let's take a close look at the options, and highlight any major differences in orange:

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

After a quick glance over the options, a few major differences appear:

1. due to / because
2. raised / raising / had raised
3. was crystallizing / crystallize

The easiest way to tackle this would be to focus on #3 on our list: was crystallizing vs. crystallize. This is an issue of parallelism, which is fairly easy to deal with! There are two actions we're dealing with here:

1. salt from the stones crystallizing
2. fungus growing on the walls

The correct choice will use parallel wording and structure for BOTH actions, so let's see how each option breaks down:

(A) ...salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
(B) ...salt from the stone would crystallize and fungus was growing on the walls.
(C) ...salt from the stone would crystallize and fungus was growing on the walls.
(D) ...salt from the stone crystallize and fungus was growing on the walls.
(E) ...salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

We can eliminate options B, C, and D because they don't use the parallel "was crystallizing/was growing" wording.

Now that we only have this narrowed down to 2 options, let's see if we can figure out which one is the better choice:

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing

This option is INCORRECT because it uses the wrong verb tense. It uses past tense for the phrase "raised its humidity," which actually happened BEFORE the chambers were closed. When we talk about two past tense events, the one that occurred first requires past perfect tense!

(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

This is CORRECT! It uses proper parallel structure with "was crystallizing." It also uses the correct past perfect tense to show that the humidity had risen BEFORE the chambers were shut down.

There you go - option E is the best choice!


Don't study for the GMAT. Train for it.

GMATNinja Could you explain if "them" is actually an issue in C&D, because logically it can not refer to tourists and hence there is no ambiguity. Could you please elaborate on this?

The point the OG explanation makes is that although "tourists" is the closest plural noun to "them," it's clearly illogical to claim that by exhaling moisture, tourists are increasing humidity within themselves and thereby causing salt from the stone - also within them (?!) - to crystalize. The only other plural noun in the sentence is "chambers," and it makes sense that the humidity in the chambers would be increasing. If there's only one possible logical antecedent for a pronoun, the OG basically argues that the ambiguity isn't necessarily a dealbreaker.

The broader takeaway is that pronoun ambiguity, generally speaking, is not a foolproof reason for eliminating an answer choice, so look for more concrete errors when paring down your options. (More on pronoun ambiguity in this video.)

I hope that helps!

here we go.

First Glance
The relatively long underline begins with a split between due to and because of. Watch out forMeaning, Modifier, and Idiom issues.

Issues

(1) Meaning / Modifier

Idiom: because of moisture raising

The answers contain a split between due to and because of.

Due to X modifies a noun. Consider this example:
His success was due to hard work. In this sentence, “due to hard work” modifies “success,” meaning that his hard work resulted in success.
In the original sentence, the moisture resulted in cleaning and repair. This is true indirectly, but really the moisture caused a
series of events: The humidity increased, causing the salt to crystallize, and as a result of that, the chambers were closed for
cleaning and repair. The moisture didn't result directly in cleaning and repair. Look for a choice that offers a more clear
causal sequence. Eliminate answers (A) and (B) for faulty meaning.

Answers (C), (D), and (E) all use because—one step in the right direction. Answer (C) still maintains a muddled meaning,
though: The chambers were closed because tourists were exhaling moisture. Again, this is true only indirectly. Eliminate
answer (C).
In answer (D), because of moisture raising is not a preferred idiomatic construction. A better idiomatic structure would be
because moisture raised.

(2) Pronoun: its

Two answers use the singular its; three answers use the plural them.

The sentence indicates that the chambers inside the pyramid were closed because of problems; this doesn't necessarily mean
that the entire pyramid was closed or affected by the humidity issues. The pronoun, then, should refer to the plural chambers,
not the singular pyramid. Eliminate answers (A) and (B).

(3) Idiom: such X so that Y

The original sentence contains the construction raised its humidity to such levels so that salt was crystallizing.
Such X so that Y is not a correct idiom. One correct idiom is such X that Y. Eliminate answer (A).

(4) Parallelism: X and Y

The word and appears immediately after the underline ends, signaling an X and Y parallel structure. The Y portion is fungus
was growing. Which X structures are parallel?
(A) the stone was crystallizing
(B) the stone would crystallize
(C) the stone would crystallize
(D) to make the salt crystallize
(E) the stone was crystallizing
Answers (A) and (E) are both parallel. In answers (B) and (C), the would structure doesn't make sense; the salt must already
have crystallized, just as the fungus already grew, because the chambers were closed as a result. Answer (D) uses a
completely different structure for the X portion; it is not parallel to the Y portion. Eliminate answers (B), (C), and (D).

The Correct Answer

Correct answer (E) conveys a clear causal sequence: The chambers were closed because moisture had raised the humidity to
such levels that two bad effects occurred.

"due to" vs. "because of split" - eliminate A, D
Rule: on the gmat due to means "caused by" therefore substitute "caused by" where "due to" is in a sentence and see if that sentence makes sense, if not, then eliminate.

Tense issue - Eliminate C
Present continuous tense used to describe action already undertaken in the past changes the meaning of the sentence here.
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

Gerund "raising" incorrectly modifies tourists and there is a verb missing after moisture (run-on sentence)/ Incorrect idiom: So X as to. Corrected idiom should be: so X that Y/ Incorrect Tense breaks parallelism: "crystallize" is simple present but the conjunction "and" links crystalise with "and fungas was growing", which is continuous.

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

E Corrects tense, uses the correct idiom and maintains parallelism
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

due to noun, cannot modify a clause here in the reason you gave due to cannot modify the closure of chambers, due to can modify only chambers, hence wrong not as the reason you have stated ? am i right in this analysis or i am wrong, correct me if i am wrong.

I don't think it is a matter of such hair-splitting worries about the reference of the pronoun 'them" in this case. The only criterion is to judge it by means of a rationale that the humidity cannot be raised in human beings such as visitors or tourists. Humidity can be raised within a building, in an atmosphere, in air, or in a coastal bet, etc. By this token, it will be prudent to take the plural pronoun to refer to the chambers. Please note that there is no other inanimate plural noun to compete with the chambers in this case. That makes the case that much simpler.

However, one of the objections that the official guide makes about answers C and D is that "the pronoun them seems to refer to tourists"

I think we should understand the full import of what the above explanation means. The OG only says that in C and D, the pronoun them seems to refer to tourists". OG does not say that in C and D, the pronoun refers to the tourists. This makes a critical difference that in sum, C and D are wrong for the seemingness of the pronoun reference due to its proximity rather than the reality of the context.

Beyond that, one can solve this question amicably through other worldly-wise means as has been explained by participants such as Chetan and Sayantan and Rashed. Kudos to them.

Due to vs. because of:

'Due to' can only modify nouns such as 'closure' or 'chambers'. Please note that 'closure' is also a noun. However 'due to' cannot modify a verb such as 'was closed' or 'were closed'.

Correct; the school's closure was due to elections.
Incorrect: The school was closed due to elections

Correct: The school re-opening was due to the end of the elections.
Incorrect: The school re-opened due to the end of elections

Reversely, 'because of' cannot modify nouns such as 'closure' or 'chambers'. It can only modify verbs such as 'closed, 'was closed' or 'were closed'.

Correct: The school was closed because of the elections.
Incorrect: The school was closed due to the elections.



Since 'due to' is modifying the verb 'were closed', both A and B are wrong.
D is ok on that count but falters on other areas such as idiom and parallelism

[quote="sudeep"]In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.


(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing

(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize

(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

Is the use of "which" is correct here in (A). It seems like "which" is modifying "moisture". somewhere I have seen "which" can jump over a modifier. Here "exhaled by tourist' is a modifier of "moisture". Please help generis

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RashedVai , yes, "which" can "jump over" the phrase exhaled by tourists in order to reach its noun moisture.
(In other words, although (A) contains other errors, which is not one of them.)

Your concern arises from the "modifier touch rule," which says that a noun modifier should be right next to the noun that it modifies.

As you note, the relative pronoun which modifies moisture.

Exceptions to the Touch Rule exist.**

An essential modifier trumps a nonessential modifier
-- nouns often have essential modifiers

• prepositional phrases
-- A prepositional phrase that follows the noun is the most common essential noun modifier that "trumps" nonessential modifiers such as [comma + which].

Correct: Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski developed a systematic approach to acting, which became the foundation for what is now known as The Method in actors' training.

(Sidebar: Robert de Niro, Daniel Day-Lewis, Angelina Jolie, and James Franco are a few of many actors who use some form of The Method.)
-- Acting did not become the foundation for The Method. The approach did.

-- The prepositional phrase to acting is essential and thus allowed to come in between approach and the nonessential which-clause modifier.

• essential modifiers in this sentence

Between which and moisture we have
-- participle (exhaled) + prepositional phrase (by tourists) trumps which
-- the phrase exhaled by tourists is also an essential modifier of moisture.

(1) The words are essential; (2) they can't really be placed elsewhere, and regardless, (3) they are more important than "which" and thus can come between which and its noun.
Correct: The decorator recommended only counter tops made of granite, which he thought were much sturdier than counter tops made of other materials.

Option A: . . . due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels
In option A, which permissibly "reaches back" over the essential modifier exhaled by tourists to reach its noun, moisture.

I hope that analysis helps.



** Other exceptions to the Modifier Touch Rule
• A short phrase that is set off by commas can come between a noun and its modifier.
The most common example is an example phrase

Correct: She especially liked colorful paintings, such as The Open Window, which reminded her of beautiful places she had visited.

• A short verb phrase (intransitive!) can come between a noun and its modifier, even if the modifier is essential, such as THAT in the that-clause below.

Correct: A new species has been discovered that is revolutionizing the way that scientists think about so-called "gaps" in Darwin's theory of evolution.
-- This short verb phrase is allowed because the modifier is long. If we place the short verb phrase has been discovered at the end of the sentence, it becomes hard to follow and jarring.
-- Rewritten: A new species that is revolutionizing the way that scientists think about so-called "gaps" in Darwin's theory of evolution has been discovered.
-- The second sentence is grammatical, just not as clear or accessible as the first sentence is.

generis


I was told that in such questions replace due to [b]WITH [/b] caused by and see whether the sentence makes a sense. If No, reject all options having "due to".

This is why I rejected A and B. Is it correct??

Concentrate on the parallel phrases (was crystallising and was growing) only A and E has this in parallel
so,BCD are out,since there are two actions in the past perfect tense makes sense ,as a result answer is E

Correct me if I am wrong

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing

(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize

(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing: Correct.

Hi

daagh GMATNinja egmat Souvik EMPOWERgmatVerbal

I have a question regarding option D.

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

Isn't the verb-ing modifier 'raising' incorrect ? It is being used as noun modifier where as it should be as a verb modifier ?

The distinction between noun modifier and verb modifier is boring and confusional. These terms are over emphasised by egmat.
You can eliminate (D) by using meaning and parallelism.

And another thing is this is a multiple choice question. DON'T judge individual answer choice. Always compare choices.

the core in (D) says,

The chambers were closed because of moisture.
->>everything else is just middleman and modifier.

On the other hand (E) says,

The chambers were closed because moisture had done 2 things.
->>>these two things are equal priority elements and thus should be in parallel.

See the meaning difference? Read (A) again if you DON'T REMEMBER your first reading!

(E) is better than (D)..

Stop thinking about all those grammatical jargon. I have spent 2 years on this type of thinking. I used egmat. My score doesn’t improve.

Use meaning and parallelism first. You will see the Beauty of SC.

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