All correct in 16 mins, including 5 mins 40 seconds to read.
Para 1- how experiments were performed in reality vs the rhetoric; scientists rejected traditional contempt for manual operations, in search of God's truth
Para 2- effective rhetoric, In reality, RB used paid technicians
Para 3- contributions of these technicians not recognized by their employers- reasons
1. Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
(C) Seventeenth-century views of scientific discovery combined with social class distinctions to ensure that laboratory technicians’ scientific work was never publicly acknowledged.- Correct
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “seventeenth-century rhetoric” (Highlighted) would have more accurately described the experimentation performed in Boyle’s laboratory if which one of the following were true?
(E) Boyle himself performed the actual labor of obtaining and recording experimental results.
This rhetoric has been so effective that one modern historian assures us that Boyle himself actually performed all of the thousand or more experiments he reported. In fact, due to poor eyesight, fragile health, and frequent absences from his laboratory, Boyle turned over much of the labor of obtaining and recording experimental results to paid technicians, although published accounts of the experiments rarely, if ever, acknowledged the technicians’ contributions.
3. According to the author, servants of seventeenth-century England were excluded from the franchised because of the belief that
(C) the independence of their political judgment would be compromised by their economic dependence on their employers
Servants, meaning wage earners, were excluded from the franchise because they were perceived as ultimately dependent on their wages and thus controlled by the will of their employers.
4. According to the author, the Royal Society of London insisted that scientists abandon the
(D) traditional disdain for manual labor that was maintained by most members of the English upper class during the seventeenth-century
Leaders of the new Royal Society of London in the 1660s insisted that authentic science depended upon actual experiments performed, observed, and recorded by the scientists themselves.
Rejecting the traditional contempt for manual operations, these scientists, all members of the English upper class, were not to think themselves demeaned by the mucking about with chemicals, furnaces, and pumps
5. The author implies that which one of the following beliefs was held in both the seventeenth and the twentieth centuries?
(A) Individual insights rather than cooperative endeavors produce most scientific discoveries.
One reason is the historical tendency, which has persisted into the twentieth century, to view scientific discovery as resulting from momentary flashes of individual insight rather than from extended periods of cooperative work by individuals with varying levels of knowledge and skill.
6. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph?
(D) A question regarding the cause of the phenomenon described in the previous paragraph is posed, and several contributing factors are then discussed.
Why were the contributions of these technicians not recognized by their employers?
then the factors are discussed
7. The author’s discussion of the political significance of the “wage relationship” (Highlighted) serves to
(A) place the failure of seventeenth-century scientists to acknowledge the contributions of their technicians in the large context of relations between workers and their employers in seventeenth-century England
Finally, all of Boyle’s technicians were “servants,” which in seventeenth-century usage meant anyone who worked for pay.
Technicians remained invisible in the political economy of science for the same reasons that underlay servants’ general political exclusion. The technicians’ contribution, their observations and judgment, if acknowledged, would not have been perceived in the larger scientific community as objective because the technicians were dependent on the wages paid to them by their employers.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that “the clamor of seventeenth-century scientific rhetoric” (Highlighted) refers to
(D) assertions by members of the Royal Society of London that scientists themselves should be responsible for obtaining and recording experimental results
Moreover, despite the clamor of seventeenth-century scientific rhetoric commending a hands-on approach, science was still overwhelmingly an activity of the English upper class, and the traditional contempt that genteel society maintained for manual labor was pervasive and deeply rooted.
Leaders of the new Royal Society of London in the 1660s insisted that authentic science depended upon actual experiments performed, observed, and recorded by the scientists themselves.
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