Official Explanation
1. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
Explanation
As we found by previewing the topic sentences, the passage is about the efficacy of placebo treatment. Careful reading shows that the passage also promotes expanded use of placebos. Hence the answer is (A).
The other choices can be quickly dismissed. (B) is the second-best choice: the author does mention that modern distribution techniques can bring the curative power of placebos to everyone, but he does not fully develop that idea. This answer-choice is tempting because it is contained in the topic paragraph. As to (C), it overstates the author’s claim. Although in the third paragraph, the author states that those who receive the placebos may be the lucky ones, this is referring to new, unproven drugs, not to established drugs. As to (D), it, like (B), is mentioned in the passage but is not fully developed. It’s tempting because it appears in the last paragraph— a natural place for the conclusion. Finally, (E) is neither mentioned nor implied by the passage.
2. Which one of the following is most analogous to the idea presented in the last paragraph?
Explanation
The information needed to answer this question is heralded by the pivotal phrase “Even though”. The implication of that sentence is “you get what you pay for.” This would motivate one to buy the most expensive item in a manufacturer’s line. Hence the answer is (C).
3. According to the passage, when testing a new drug medical researchers give half of the subjects the test drug and half a placebo because
Explanation
Since this is a description question, you must refer to the passage to answer it. The opening sentence to paragraph two contains the needed information. That sentence states “Every drug would prove effective if special steps were not taken to neutralize the placebo effect.” Hence the answer is (C).
Choice (D) illustrates why you must refer directly to the passage to answer a description question: unless you have a remarkable memory, you will be unsure whether the statement was that all or that most drugs would prove effective.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author might
Explanation
The answer is (A). One of the first clues to the author’s view on this issue is contained in the pivotal clause “yet the patient . . . effective drug” . Later, in paragraph six, the author nearly advocates that the patient should not be told that he or she might be receiving a placebo. Finally, the closing line of the passage cinches it. There, the author implies that certain principles can be sacrificed for the greater good of the patients.
5. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?
Explanation
In the first paragraph the author claims that placebos can cure everything from dandruff to leprosy—this is a result. Then in paragraphs two, three, four, and five, he explains the causes of the result. Finally, he alludes to an application—the placebo treatment centers. The answer is (C).
6. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author’s attitude toward placebo treatment?
Explanation
This question is a little tricky. Only choices (A) and (B) have any real merit. Although the passage has a detached, third-person style, the author nonetheless does present his opinions—namely that placebos work and that their use should be expanded. However, that advocacy is reserved, so the answer is (A). The other choices can be quickly eliminated:
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