Of all forms of tyranny, the least attractive and most vulgar is the

plutocracy:A political system governed by the wealthy people
Even you don’t know meaning of plutocracy, while reading para1 , it is clear it is talking about people who own lot of resources who have wealth and by 3rd para it is clear that indirectly these people control the government.


1. Plato’s description of plutocracy =
Plato describes a dynamic by which those who rule a city do so through their ownership of large portions of it, and that this becomes a self-perpetuating cycle in which access to resources is provided to others only by means of debt issued by those with ownership

3rd para says:
By refraining from direct governance, these people are filtered from the same kind of public scrutiny given to politicians, but still run the nation by keeping politicians financially indentured to them.


Prethinking: People who own most resources, will control the government at back through indirect and direct methods( bribery etc)

A. Direct method; we are looking for indirect
B. politicians are given resources to let wealthy people control indirectly -CORRECT
( but still run the nation by keeping politicians financially indentured to them.)
c. no extort power; they don’t keep power directly; they are indirectly controlling power through direct and indirect but extort is mentioned
d. monopolistics: ( non competitive)
this point is not mentioned anywhere in passage
2 points to check:
Monopolistic power: (the existing system is replaced with something new)
Create large trus: is no where mentioned in passage
So reject D
e. it applies: Regardless of the political system in place, in many ways, each nation is plutocratic from the very start



2 . Regardless of the political system in place, in many ways, each nation is plutocratic from the very start, and as time goes by, the plutocratic forces are more strongly exerted.
I,ii, iii, iv
E is right answer


3. In The Republic, Plato describes a dynamic by which those who rule a city do so through their ownership of large portions of it, and that this becomes a self-perpetuating cycle in which access to resources is provided to others only by means of debt issued by those with ownership, creating only the illusion of a path to equal opportunities

>> opportunities are not equal because of some people who own large portion of respirces (wealthy)people

A. Opportunities are abstractions that must be pursued individually.
>> not individually; they are controlled by wealthy people
B. Equal opportunities are achieved by creating an illusion of power.
>> no equal opportunities
C. No opportunity will be as great as that achieved by those in power.
>> more power is with wealthy people
D. Opportunities made possible only by sustaining a plutocracy are inherently unequal.-CORRECT
>> opportunities are created by wealthy people showing an illusion but in fact they are not equal inherently.
Only ? let us re -read
ONLY is also mentioned specifically: this becomes a self-perpetuating cycle in which access to resources is provided to others ONLY by means of debt issued by those with ownership
E. Opportunities can only be achieved after a transition in the political system.
>> not mentioned: new system comes but still the same story( The only difference, it seems, is the manner in which the new system is implemented)-