With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nob

With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize was a decade old, Einstein was, in 1931, by far the most famous scientist in the world.

A) his Nobel Prize was a decade old, -- "With" is the start of a participial modifier, hence the underlined IC is incorrect

B) his Nobel Prize a decade old, -- CORRECT, as the main verb is eliminated, the underlined part is converted into a modifier

C) his Nobel Prize being a decade old, -- "being" is the wrong usage here

D) a Nobel Prize a decade's age, -- doesn't make sense

E) a Nobel Prize aged a decade, -- awkward

So, answer should be B

IMO B,

A) his Nobel Prize was a decade old,
Parallelism error- Presence of 'was' makes the this nonparallel to 'his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed'

B) his Nobel Prize a decade old,
Correct Answer - Parallel to 'his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed'

C) his Nobel Prize being a decade old,
Modifier error - 'Being' used as a modifier

D) a Nobel Prize a decade's age,
Construction error - This Construction does not makes sense. Hence eliminate.

E) a Nobel Prize aged a decade,
Same error as in D. Hence eliminate

B , IMO

Meaning :
With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed
and
his Nobel Prize that was a decade old ,
Einstein was by far the most famous scientist in the world.

Analysis :
1. The opening modifier With his X and Y correctly modifies to Einstein .
2. There seems to be a parallelism error in the opening modifier
With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize was a decade old

his theories of relativity -- Noun and his Nobel Prize was a decade old -- (complete clause ) - Not parallel .

With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize was a decade old, Einstein was, in 1931, by far the most famous scientist in the world.

A) his Nobel Prize was a decade old,

1.parallelism error in the opening modifier as mentioned above

B) his Nobel Prize a decade old,
-- Correct . above error is corrected the removal of was . now this part is parallel
With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize a decade old,

C) his Nobel Prize being a decade old,

-- Wrong usage of being

D) a Nobel Prize a decade's age,

-- 1. Parallelism error discussed above , his his theories of relativity and gravity and a noble prize is not logically parallel
2. decade's age -- wrong use of possessive -- Incorrect - Out

E) a Nobel Prize aged a decade,

-- 1. Parallelism error discussed above , his his theories of relativity and gravity and a noble prize is not logically parallel
- Incorrect - Out

With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize was a decade old, Einstein was, in 1931, by far the most famous scientist in the world.

POE:
Stop sign - 'and'
when you see and in the statement, always search for parallelism.
Eliminate (A), (D), (E) - not parallel.
Eliminate (C) - being is redundant on GMAT.

A) his Nobel Prize was a decade old,

B) his Nobel Prize a decade old, - CORRECT

C) his Nobel Prize being a decade old,

D) a Nobel Prize a decade's age,

E) a Nobel Prize aged a decade,

With his theories of relativity and gravity long confirmed and his Nobel Prize was a decade old, Einstein was, in 1931, by far the most famous scientist in the world.

A) his Nobel Prize was a decade old, usage of "was"

B) his Nobel Prize a decade old, Correct

C) his Nobel Prize being a decade old, usage of "being"

D) a Nobel Prize a decade's age, wrong

E) a Nobel Prize aged a decade, wrong