Scientists say that by bathing the skin cells in extracts of immune c
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Updated on: 09 Dec 2022, 13:48
OA solution :
Human Skin Cells
(A) Sentence Structure (that); Verb (are made)
(B) Sentence Structure (that); Verb (were to behave)
(C) Verb (were made); Modifier (as if)
(D) Modifier (that were behaving); Modifier (as)
(E) CORRECT
First glance
The original sentence begins with a subject-verb-that (Scientists say that), which should be followed by another clause, so this question is probably testing sentence structure. At the end of the choices, were is either present or omitted, so this split could be testing verbs, comparisons, parallelism, or sentence structure.
Issues
(1) Sentence Structure: that
After scientists say that in the non-underlined opening, two choices also begin with that. Check the sentence structure; does it make sense to repeat that?
By bathing … cells is a modifier set off by commas, so it can be ignored as you locate the core of the sentence. Eliminating some other adjectives and short modifiers, the core of the original sentence is:
(A) Scientists say that that cells are made to behave.
(B) Scientists say that that cells were to behave.
(C) Scientists say that cells were made to behave.
(D) Scientists say that they have made cells (that were behaving).
(E) Scientists say that they have made cells behave.
The second that is redundant and ungrammatical; eliminate (A) and (B).
(2) Modifier/Meaning: that were behaving
That were behaving is technically not part of the core of (D), as it is a modifier, but that difference alone is noteworthy. As a modifier, that must refer to a noun. The immediately preceding noun is test tube, which doesn’t make sense with were behaving; not only are test tubes incapable of behavior, but also the plural verb were does not match singular tube.
So, that were behaving actually “skips over” the modifier in a test tube, such that both modifiers describe human skin cells.
Now plural cells and plural were match, but there’s still a meaning problem:
In every choice but (D), the scientists caused the behavior of the cells in a test tube. In (D), the scientists just made cells, and those cells happen to behave a certain way. Eliminate (D).
(3) Verb: were to behave
The sentence cores above reveal an issue in (B): the verb made is omitted from both core and modifiers, changing the meaning of the overall sentence. In every choice but (B), scientists made cells (or, equivalently, cells were made by scientists). In (B), the scientists only do one thing: say something about cells; namely that the cells were (somehow supposed) to behave a certain way. Eliminate (B).
(4) Verb: are made; were made
As noted above, four of the choices use the verb made, but in different ways. Are made and were made are passive voice (the cells were passively made by scientists); have made is actively done by the scientists. Are made is present tense (passive), were made is past tense (passive) , and have made is present perfect (Active voice). Evaluate tense and voice.
The scientists say something, in the present, about the skin cells in a test tube, so the cells need to already exist. Past tense were made in choice (C) is acceptable, but the present tense are made is incorrect. Eliminate (A).
In addition, both are made and were made are in passive voice, which leaves some ambiguity: cells are/were made to behave by whom? The answer is probably scientists, but that’s made more clear in (D) and (E), where the active voice have made is paired with the subject they, which refers to scientists. The present perfect have made in (D) and (E) means the cells were made in the past, but they still exist. Passive voice is not automatically wrong, but there are enough concerns here to flag it; tentatively eliminate (A) and (C) for passive voice.
(5) Modifier: as if; as
There is a split between as if they were, as if, and as at the end of the choices. All of these are prepositional phrases, so it might be easier to evaluate the split between including they were and omitting those words.
First, when a pronoun is in some choices but not others, confirm the antecedent. They refers to human skin cells, both logically (human skin cells act like immune system cells) and structurally (human skin cells is the subject of the verb behave, which all the as phrases are modifying). So you can’t eliminate any choices based on the pronoun IN (e)
As if and as are adverbial modifiers describing how the skin cells behave. The verb were is needed to complete the comparison: verb as if noun is never right. For example, the cat chirped as if a bird is wrong, but the cat chirped as if he were a bird is right. Choice (D) has a similar problem, and also loses some of the intended figurative meaning without the if. Eliminate (C) and (D).
The Correct Answer
Correct answer (E) begins with they, which correctly and unambiguously refers to scientists. Starting the choices with a subject correctly allows the use of the active verb have made, which is also in the correct tense. At the end of the choice, as if they were correctly modifies how human skin cells … behave.
Originally posted by
jabhatta2 on 09 Jul 2021, 18:40.
Last edited by
jabhatta2 on 09 Dec 2022, 13:48, edited 3 times in total.