In recent years, troubled airlines have exchanged their aging, ineffic

its easy to eliminate A,B looking at the non underlined part..among C,D & E

(C) partly because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced your answer - should is a subjunctive verb and can not be used when the intent is definite. Here the fleets are replaced to reducefuel cost..... not that fleets are reduced because fuel cost should be reduced...

(D) partly for the lowering of high fuel costs and the reduction of repair costs - this is not the best construction

(E) partly to lower high fuel prices and reduce repair costs -Correct


B is wrong -
we do x to achieve y.
we do x so that y should be achieved. (Is the difference visible??)

E- is right-

infinitives are used in two ways-

1. to do,to think,to make and to reach.
2. to do,think,make and reach.

either to should be used with every verb in the list or should be used only once in the beginning of the list.

to do,make,think and to reach - this is an incorrect construction.

Hope this helps!

I agree. It should be " partly TO lower high fuel prices and TO reduce repair costs".

Can anyone explain... why E and not C???
I also thought it to be C...

The answer is E.
C is wordy and thus eliminated
Consider this :
Mary likes to eat and dance. ("We can share the infinitive form b/w the two verbs")

No, it is still parallel because you cut off at the same point for each item on the list:

PARTLY TO

1. lower fuel costs
2. reduce repair costs

Parallelism is not just about making two items in a list look stylistically and logically similar. It is about splitting off at the same point for each item.

This may help you visualize the concept: https://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/diagrams2/diagram10.htm

Has to E.
you dont need to repeat the infinitive again because of the usage of conjunction 'and'.

I have a doubt. The two parallel elements that i am comparing have been higlighted below- 'partly to' and 'partly because'. Shouldn't both the parallel elements start with partly because as in option 'C'?
partly to lower high fuel prices and reduce repair costs and partly because low entry barriers for new carriers have created intense competition.

Can someone please explain reasons to eliminate C ?
Why E is better over C in terms of parallelism ?

Can you please throw more light on the acceptable usage of SHOULD ?

B is wrong -
we do x to achieve y.
we do x so that y should be achieved. (Is the difference visible??)

(E) partly to lower high fuel prices and reduce repair costs

"lower fuel prices" changes the meaning of the original sentence. The costs are lower, not prices. This would make letter E wrong. What do you think?

IMO E

The intent is to lower the fuel costs that are incurred, so "lower fuel prices" is correct. Prices can be lower or higher.
_________________

Meaning is key to solve this question. Grammar alone is not enough.

In recent years, troubled airlines have exchanged their aging, inefficient fleets for a smaller number of efficient new airplanes, in part because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced and partly because low entry barriers for new carriers have created intense competition.

(A) in part because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced
Wrong.
- Not parallel: in part vs partly
- Incorrect meaning: The intended meaning is that the trouble airlines exchanged old fleets to lower THEIR costs. The sentence, however, says they exchanged old fleets to new ones because high fuel costs (in general) should be lowered. That's does not make sense. If high fuel costs will be lowered, these troubled airlines will NOT need to exchange their old fleets. They exchanged old fleets to new ones because they need to lower THEIR high fuel costs to create competitive advantage.

(B) in part that high fuel costs might be lowered and repair costs might be reduced
Wrong.
- Not parallel: in part vs partly
- Incorrect meaning: same as A.

(C) partly because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced your answer
Wrong. SHELL GAME.
If you just base on grammars and picked C, you got the sentence wrong because C conveys WRONG meaning. See explanation on A.

(D) partly for the lowering of high fuel costs and the reduction of repair costs
Wrong.
- we should use verb rather than the noun form of it. Verbs always convey better meaning and are more precise.

(E) partly to lower high fuel prices and reduce repair costs
Correct.
- Parallelism: partly || partly
- Correct meaning: exchange old fleets to new ones TO lower costs.

Hope it helps.

i cannot understand why lowerin prices is used here,clearly lowerin costs n lowerin prices are two different things, changes the whole meaning .

Hi Jake
In this context, "prices" also means costs. Let imagine, the old airplanes will require special fuel that is more expensive than the normal fuel. The troubled airlines exchanged the old fleets to new fleets, thus they don't have to pay for higher prices (of special fuel).

Hope it's clear.

I still disagree. I don't think there is special fuel in real life. Fuel efficiency is the only thing that changes. In this context, the company doesn't lower prices. Prices are fixed by world supply and demand. They merely lower the volume, and consequently the cost they actually incur. This answer seems wrong.

Thanks for clarifying. I chose B as I was blindly trying to make them parallel. One should keep the meaning in mind while making the elements parallel. When infinitive is used, it conveys the intention and that is a big signal to consider while picking up the answer choices.

Dude, follow the rules on posting.

(C) partly because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced your answer

Hi
Here is my view on this question

Intended meaning of the question

In recent years, troubled airlines have exchanged their aging, inefficient fleets for a smaller number of efficient new airplanes, in part because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced and partly because low entry barriers for new carriers have created intense competition.

See the larger text the meaning is that dr is some purpose in exchanging the fleets ie exchanged fleets to achieve SOMETHING

Exchanged fleets TO LOWER FUEL PRICES AND REDUCE COSTS.

(A) in part because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced > Meaning changed & wordy

(B) in part that high fuel costs might be lowered and repair costs might be reduced > Meaning changed & wordy

(C) partly because high fuel costs should be lowered and repair costs should be reduced > Meaning changed & wordy

(D) partly for the lowering of high fuel costs and the reduction of repair costs > Coveys the meaning but prefer verb over noun( GMAT likes it)

(E) partly to lower high fuel prices and reduce repair costs. perfect and concise of all.