The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers

Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-

Concepts tested here: Pronouns + Verb Forms + Idioms + Awkwardness/Redundancy

• "so as to" is generally an incorrect usage; "so + cause + as to + effect" is the correct, idiomatic usage.
• The simple past continuous tense is used to refer to actions that were ongoing over a period of time in the past.
• The simple past tense is used to refer to events that concluded in the past.
• The present participle (“verb+ing” – “advocating” in this sentence) is used to refer to ongoing actions in any time period.
• “as the means” is a correct, idiomatic construction.

A: This answer choice suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as it is unclear whether “them” refers to “reformers” or “prisoners”. Further, option A incorrectly uses the unidiomatic construction “cause (“prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor”) so as to effect (“reform them”)”; please remember, "so as to" is generally an incorrect usage; "so + cause + as to + effect" is the correct, idiomatic usage. Additionally, Option A uses the needlessly wordy phrase “prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor”, leading to awkwardness and redundancy.

B: This answer choice suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as it is unclear whether “them” refers to “reformers” or “prisoners”. Further, Option B uses the needlessly wordy phrase “who were advocating” and “prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform”, leading to awkwardness and redundancy.

C: Correct. This answer choice avoids the pronoun ambiguity seen in Options A and B, as it employs no pronouns. Further, Option C correctly uses the present participle (“verb+ing” – “advocating” in this sentence) to refer to an action that was ongoing over a period of time in the past; please remember, the present participle is used to refer to ongoing actions in any time period. Additionally, Option C correctly uses the idiomatic construction “as the means”, avoiding the idiom errors seen in Options A and E. Besides, Option C is free of any awkwardness or redundancy.

D: This answer choice incorrectly uses the simple past tense verb “advocated” to refer to an action that was ongoing over a period of time in the past; please remember, the simple past continuous tense is used to refer to actions that were ongoing over a period of time in the past, and the simple past tense is used to refer to events that concluded in the past. Further, Option D incorrectly uses the unidiomatic construction “for the means”; please remember, “as the means” is a correct, idiomatic construction.

E: This answer choice uses the passive voice construction “as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor”, leading to awkwardness and redundancy.

Hence, C is the best answer choice.

To understand the concept of "So As To" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



To understand the concept of "Simple Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):



To understand the concept of "Simple Continuous Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):



All the best!
Experts' Global Team

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

A. advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them

B. who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform

C. advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners - Correct

D. who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform

E. advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor[/quote]

C is more clear in meaning than D.

Answer C.

Thanks,
GyM

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

A. advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them wordy

B. who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform

C. advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners - Short and coincise

D. who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform

E. advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor

i think this is about idiom

advocate somebody to do, is not idiomatic

look at Macmillan dictionary, we have the following idiom with "means"

- means of something
- means of doing something
- means to do something
- means to something.

there is no "means for something" . choice E is gone
"for" in choice D should be " as". choice D is gone.

in English, we have pattern SUBJECT+PREDICATE+DIRECT OBJECT+ PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT.
in this pattern, it is prefered that preposition object is at the end of the sentence. if the prepositional object is placed before the direct object, the sentence is inferior. choice E is inferior for this reason.

but in the following sentence, prepositional object can be placed before direct object for the logical combination with the following phrase. so, dont think that the rule above is absolute.

https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-151-memb ... 11361.html

"advocate" dose not require subjuctive mood which require "be hold". so choice A is wrong

(A) advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them: PARALLELISM ERROR. THAT CLAUSE CANNOT BE PARALLEL TO VERB PHRASE.

(B) who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform:
MEANING ERROR- 'REFORMERS WHO WERE ADVOCATING PRISONERS'

(C) advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners: CORRECT

(D) who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform: IDIOM ERROR 'FOR THE MEANS OF'

(E) advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor: IDIOM ERROR 'AS THE MEANS FOR'.
IDIOM CAN BE EITHER 'AS A MEANS TO' OR 'AS A MEANS OF'.

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Although I do agree that E is wrong, I don't agree with your statement about misplaced modifier. Here is the GMAT example in which idiom Cite X as Y has been changed to Cite as Y X in OA. https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-151-memb ... 11361.html . Hence E is wrong because of incorrect idiom 'means for'

What exactly makes A wrong?
Is it the pronoun ambiguity, the un-parallelism or both ?

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

(A) advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them

Firstly, pronoun error. "Them" is an ambigious pronoun, may refer to reformers or prisoners.
Secondly, meaning. So as to conveys a different meaning altogether.

Hope you get it now.

========Hit kudos pls =======================

Guys, i really have a problem distinguishing between when to use verb in tense form or in gerund form. like in this situation "advocating" vs "who advocated" , I've seen somewhere that GMAT doesn't like gerunds, and i kept that as a rule of thumb.

Can someone please explain to me the difference. Or should i just ignore it, and look for other parts in the sentence to filter incorrect answers ?

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

(A) advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them

(B) who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform

(C) advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners

(D) who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform

(E) advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor

Hey Setback TheNotorious Aadhitthyaa

First thing -
Is the verb-ing modifier "advocating that..." after reformers correct?
It has no COMMA after reformers. So it is modifying the noun "reformers".
Who is advocating that prisoners be held? - reformers
It does make sense to modify reformers. So this part is correct.

Next -
I see "them". Hmm. Not sure if it refers to reformers or prisoners. So there is some ambiguity here.

Lets see the options now -
(B) who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform
(C) advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners. Aha! No ambiguity. Precise and not wordy just the way G-mat loves it.
(D) who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform. Hmm. Wait a second. Who? Now im confused as to who will be doing it. The prisoners or the reformers?
(E) advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor. Here again it is not sure as to who will be doing it. Also, it seems like advocating it is the means for prisoner reform. The confinement and the labor is the means for prisoner reform.

Hope it helps.

I eliminated as follows:

Illogical Meaning error: "be held in solitary confinement and hard labour" - it is illogical to be held in hard labour
Eliminate (A) and (B)

Note also that the pronouns "them" and "their" in (a) and (b), respectively, can gramatically refer to either "reformers" or "prisoners" but logically these pronouns can only refer to prisoners.

Idiom error: "for the means" is unidiomatic. Correct idiom is "as a means of"
Eliminate (D)

Awkward construction and illogical meaning: "advocating..reform solitary confinement and hard labour"
Minus the prepositional "as" filler, what i wrote in the above line is word-for-word as you see it. This makes no sense at all

Eliminate (E)
You could also argue that (E) is unidiomatic: "as the means for" instead of "as a means of" but I'm pretty sure both have grounds to be acceptable in the right context.

(c) is correct.
Corrects meaning errors, is parallel and clears ambiguity

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

(A) advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them-- advocating is not a subjunctive factor


(B) who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform --- advocating prisoners is distortion of meaning.

(C) advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners -- correct choice .
(D) who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform --- for the means of is unidiomatic - as the means of correct.
(E) advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor--- 'as the means for' prisoner reform is unidiomatic -- should 'as the means of'

For A/C/E, why they didn't require a comma at the begining of each modifier???
Such as: The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers, advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners.

Good question - remember that if a participial -ing modifier follows a comma at the end of a complete thought (here the sentence could end after "reformers" and still e a complete sentence) it refers to the subject of that clause before the comma and not the noun adjacent to the comma. So it would be saying that the penitentiary itself was doing the advocating, and that provides an illogical meaning.

Doesn't the verb advocating indicate that this is still currently happening, where as the State Penitentiary WAS already established (clearly this event is in the past). Therefore, shouldn't C be wrong and D be correct?

I am really confused by this question.

The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.

(A) advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them (Illogical meaning, prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor? Prisoners cannot be held in hard labor. Eliminate)

(B) who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform (Illogical meaning, prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor? Again prisoners can't be held in hard labor. Eliminate)

(C) advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners (Correct meaning, correct idiom. Best choice)

(D) who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform (for the means of...incorrect idiomatically. Eliminate)

(E) advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor (as the means for...incorrect idiomatically. Eliminate)

Hi gladkian

"advocating" is not a verb in this sentence. The main verb is "was established". "Advocating" is used as a modifier (present participle) and it is modifying "reformers".

Verb-ING or Present Participles are considered verbs only when they are connected with a helping verb such as "is, am, are, was, we etc".

is + going
was + looking