Gladiator59 wrote:
The publisher of a best-selling self-help book had, in some promotional material, claimed that it showed readers how to become exceptionally successful. Of course, everyone knows that no book can deliver to the many what, by definition, must remain limited to the few exceptional successes. Thus, although it is clear that the publisher knowingly made a false claim, doing so should not be considered unethical in this case.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the reasoning above?
(A) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if it is reasonable for people to accept the claim as true.
(B) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical if those making it derive a gain at the expense of those acting as if the claim were true.
(C) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical in only those cases in which those who accept the claim as true suffer a hardship greater than the gain they were anticipating.
(D) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if there is a possibility that someone will act as if the claim might be true.
(E) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical in at least those cases in which for someone else to discover that the claim is false, that person must have acted as if the claim were true.
Argument:
Publisher claims that the book shows how to be exceptionally successful.
Everyone knows a book can't show everyone how to be "exceptional" since if everyone is exceptional, no one will be.
It is clear that publisher knowingly made a false claim.
But it should not be considered unethical in this case.
Why? The point is why it should not be considered unethical in "this" case? What supports this?
The argument clearly states that a claim is made but everyone knows it cannot be true. So if we can say that "when everyone knows it is a false claim then it should not be considered unethical," it helps our conclusion.
(A) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if it is reasonable for people to accept the claim as true.
This helps. So it is unethical only if people will accept it to be true. But since everyone knows it is a false claim, it should not be considered unethical. This is correct.
(B) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical if those making it derive a gain at the expense of those acting as if the claim were true.
We don't know whether the publisher derives any gain.
(C) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical in only those cases in which those who accept the claim as true suffer a hardship greater than the gain they were anticipating.
We don't know if anyone accepted the claim as true and then suffered a hardship.
(D) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if there is a possibility that someone will act as if the claim might be true.
We don't know whether there is a possibility that someone will ACT as if the claim might be true.
(E) Knowingly making a false claim is unethical in at least those cases in which for someone else to discover that the claim is false, that person must have acted as if the claim were true.
The moment you read "at least those cases" you know this is not the answer. It talks about some cases in which it is unethical. What happens in rest of the cases, we don't know. We need to know about those cases in which it is NOT unethical.
Answer (A)