1)
Why does the author bring up accounting and banking? To give examples of
situations in which, due to constant oversight, fraud is rare. By contrast, the author
says in ¶4, science depends on "faith." ¶2 provides an example of how an attempt
to systematize science like accounting can backfire. Choice (C) most closely
summarizes the overall range of references.
(A): Distortion. Though the author mentions accounting and states in ¶4 that there
have been attempts made to evaluate science in an accountant-like fashion,
there‘s no evidence that scientists are becoming more like accountants.
(B): Out of Scope. There‘s no evidence from the passage that this is the case, and
it has nothing to do with the accounting references.
(C): The correct answer
(D): Opposite. The author uses ¶s3 and 6 to provide examples of science not
thriving under scrutiny.
(E): Out of scope, as described above.
2)
The question provides an example of scientific fraud and asks what could have
motivated it. This is essentially a scattered-detail question in disguise: eliminate
answer choices that the author cites as causes for scientific fraud. Only (B) is
excluded: the author never cites contempt for oversight committees in the
passage.
(A): Opposite. The author raises this possibility in the last paragraph.
(B): The correct answer(C): Opposite. This would be consistent with the Nobel Prize-winning motives of ¶2.
(D): Opposite. The author argues in ¶2 that scientists may engage in fraud to
protect their career.
(E): Opposite. The author raises this possibility in the last paragraph.
3)
Why does the author think that one should expect a wave of fraud inquiries? Look
at the context and the purpose of the paragraph. The author argues that the
pressure to produce research in order to get grant money will foster an atmosphere
that encourages cheating. (D) summarizes this.
(A): Distortion. This is a distortion of the point made in ¶6 that a specific
organization did this at a specific time.
(B): Opposite. The author is arguing that fraud will increase under the British
system.
(C): Out of Scope. Though the author might not like the British method, there‘s no
evidence that he thinks scientists are of equal calibre regardless of their score.
(D): The correct answer
(E): Out of scope.