Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles,

Hi Sujit,

This question is not from a reliable source. It seems to be from GDW, a guy who claims to have remembered all of his GMAT tests' questions. But there are a lot of such questions floating on the net, so it is doubtful that this question is official.

Even though the source is doubtful, (C) looks best of all the answer choices.

The missing subject is not "the law" but the sport utility vehicles. Lets replace all the pronouns with their antecedents into the sentence.

all of sport utility vehicles are gasoline powered and all of sports utility vehicles are therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as the emissions-control standards for diesel-powered vehicles.. Moreover, (C) correctly uses the present simple tense to express a characteristic that is usually true for gasoline engines.

(B) and (E) are incorrect in their use of "those of", it should be "those for". In (A) and (B) the missing subject is "it", which refers to "the law". If (C) would have got a comma before "and" then the missing subject would have been "the Law". 'they" in (D) is ambiguous as it can refer to either "emission standards" or "vehicles"

Hope this helps,

Vercules
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Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.

'They are for' is the correct idiom; 'they are of' is incorrect. This is where the strategy starts. Remove B and E for using the wrong idiom.

A. powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for --- 1. The pronoun 'they' looks suspect; one can't say for sure whether 'they' refers to the standards or the SUVs. 2. The shift of tense from the present to the future namely - will not be subjected to -- seems pointless.

B. powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards that are as stringent as those of -- the wrong idiom
C. powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those for -- correct choice.

D. powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for -- here we have two relative clauses without proper conjugation, leading to doubts whether one modifier modifies the other.

E. powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those of-- the wrong idiom

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This question is based on Idiomatic Usage and Construction.

The options give us a choice between the expressions ‘those of’ and ‘those for’. The demonstrative pronoun ‘those’ refers to emissions-control standards. The appropriate expression is standards for something and not standards of something. Options B and E end in ‘those of’, so they can be eliminated.

In Option D, the antecedent of the relative pronoun ‘which’ is not clear. If the antecedent of the relative pronoun is “sport utility vehicles”, the conjunction ‘and’ is required before the relative pronoun to signify that the two modifiers describe the vehicles. The sentence should be thus - it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and which are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for. The pronoun 'they' is not appropriate as the standards referred to in the sentence are two different ones. So, Option D can be eliminated.

The personal pronoun ‘they’ in Option A cannot validly refer to ‘emissions-control standards’ as there is meant to be a comparison between emissions-control standards for two different types of vehicles. The more appropriate pronoun would be the demonstrative pronoun ‘those’, which would refer to the noun ‘emissions-control standards for diesel powered vehicles’. The verb “will not be subjected” changes the meaning of the sentence as the intended meaning is not a prediction about gasoline powered vehicles. So, Option A can also be eliminated.

Option C conveys the intended meaning. It contains the appropriate idiomatic and pronoun usage - those for. Parallelism is maintained in the description of gasoline powered sport utility vehicles; the participle and the adjective – gasoline powered and subject describe the vehicles. Therefore, C is the most appropriate option.

Jayanthi Kumar.
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Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from
tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility
vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be sub-
jected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
diesel-powered vehicles.
A. powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as
stringent as they are for
[Incorrect - therefore should be used in place of will because a consequence is drawn based on facts + subjective pronoun they is used in place of objective pronoun those]

B. powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards
that are as stringent as those of
[Incorrect - improper preposition of]

C. powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as
stringent as those for
[Correct - therefore, those, for; all of them are ok in context]

D. powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as
stringent as they are for
[Incorrect - which does not draw a consequence from facts while in this construct a consequence is drwan based on stated facts]

E. powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control
standards as stringent as those of
[Incorrect - Excessive pronoun they]

Please do not mention OA at the same time, that makes thought process biased.

Though I am a bit late noburu, but will still answer your question.
In the non underlined part the sentence states that "it will have no effect on SUVs and therefore will not subject to..."
Hope its clear

Why choice A is wrong. Let me explain the reason.

powered, and will not be subjected to emission.... In this case, the main subject of "and will" is IT from "it will have no effect on...". There are no meaning if the subject of the second part is IT.

Three others choices B, D, and E, "and therefore" play different role, but wrong subject lead to wrong meaning.

In choice C, "and therefore" without comma before make the subject of this part is "all of which" (which stood for sport utility vehicles.
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Dude Marcab I think thats not the reason.

"it will have no effect on SUVs and therefore will not subject to..."

it refers to Law, the laws are subjected to emissions-control standards, SUV are.
In the correct answer C, we have parallelism between "SUVs, which are gasoline powered and which are not subject to"

Cheers

Can some gurus help ? Is it a gmat prep question can some one confirm?

My take on the question...

Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.

Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles , from tractor trailers to excursion buses,
it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of
which are gasoline powered,
and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent
as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.

a
A. powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
the subject of the sentence is 'The Law' - making it wrong

B. powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards that are as stringent as those of
the missing subject can only be : The law - so meaning is changed

C. powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those for
the missing subject can only be : The law - so meaning is changed

D. powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
which refers to sport vehicles , it should be "are not subjected to"- as passive format used ; also they is referring to again to vehicles

E. powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those of

they - from parallelism point it should be the law, laws for is correct ,laws of is incorrect

so for me none of these, but if it is a Official question i need to learn...please some one help

Many bloggers have asked why the official answer C uses subject instead of subjected, but I have not seen a valid answer to this question.
I will give my opinion.

The word subject is not only used as a verb, but also as an adjective. The adjective "subject" means "owing obedience or allegiance to the power or dominion of another" according to Merrian Webster dictionary. This adjective is parallel to "gasoline powered", which is also used as an adjective.

I hope this explanation helps.
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Hi experts,

In choice E, I know "they are" is unnecesarry and that of is incorrect, but does the presence of "they are" (SV) demand a comma before "and", making this issue another reason why E is wrong?

Kind regards,
Cristián

Hello Cristián CristianJuarez,


I will be glad to help you out with this one.

Yes, your your analysis of the structure in Choice E mentioned in your post is absolutely correct.

Since therefore they are... is an independent clause, the connector and must be preceded by a comma to connect this clause to the preceding independent clause.


Hope this helps.
Thanks.
Shraddha
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Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.

A. powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for. Is they referring to vehicles or standards. ambiguous

B. powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards that are as stringent as those of. wrong idiom; standards of implies vehicles set the standards. I'm selective in whom I date; my standards are higher standards than those of my my peers. Standards for means standards imposed on someone or something; this is the author's intended meaning.

C. powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those for. Correct

D. powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for. Same reason as B.

E. powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as those of. Same reason as C.

daagh
Can you please elaborate whats the verb in C in "therefore not subject............"

teaserbae

all are (gasoline powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control)
all - a plural subject
are --- a plural verb
gasoline - powered -- the first adjective modifying all
not subject - another adjective modifying all ( subject has several meanings(https://www.thefreedictionary.com/subject)
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egmat GMATNinja mikemcgarry DmitryFarber VeritasPrepErika
Hi Experts
Is below analysis correct, look forward to your insights!
A & B: On striking off the modifier , almost all of which are gasoline powered, the sentence does make sense
Core of A: it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles,almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.
Core of B: it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards that are as stringent as those of
We can also say that nothing is parallel before and when modifier struuck off in A and B, so can be eliminated.

Why is D wrong? What does which refers to?

Thanks in advance!

Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.

If the bold part above remains in comma pair, it becomes a modifier and thus the phrase, "and will not be subjected to emissions-control" will incorrectly modify the pronoun "it", whose antecedent is law.

Second important differentiation here in in the idiomatic use of "As stringent as those of/for". The standards are for vehicles and not of vehicles.

Hence, Of possible answer choices A,C and D(using for) , only C uses the modifier correctly and correctly phrases the overall sentence.

Hence, C

Here's the relevant portion of (D) again:

"...it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for..."

There are two conspicuous problems here. First, the second "which" likely refers to the same noun the first which does -- in this case, "sport utility vehicles." If we're going to use two "which" modifiers this way, we'd need to link them with a conjunction: "which x AND which y."

Also, notice the "they" in blue in (D); (C), on the other hand, uses "those." Generally, we'll use "they" to invoke a previously mentioned noun, and "those" to introduce a new noun (in a sense, to "create a copy" of a noun) we'd like to compare to the earlier one. For example:

• "Tim's twins are taller this year than they were last year, undermining whispers that he does not feed his children." -- In this instance, it's the same set of twins we're discussing, so "they" is appropriate.
• "The twins in Tim's family are taller than those in Mike's family, leading to a new set of accusations that Mike does not feed his children." -- Now, "those" refers to a different set of twins, as opposed to the same twins mentioned earlier.

Here, it makes sense to use "those." We're comparing one set of standards (for gasoline-powered vehicles) to a different set of standards (for diesel-powered vehicles.) The use of "they" makes it sound as though the standards for gasoline-powered vehicles are also used for diesel-powered vehicles. This makes no sense. How could one set of standards be more stringent than the other if they're the same? So (D) is gone.

I hope that helps!
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Hi egmat,

1) I will walk to the office , and run back home.
2) I will walk to the office , and will run back home.
3) I will walk to the office , and I will run back home.


Would you consider all the three clauses marked in Red as independent Clause?

Only the third red option contains an independent clause!

Neither of the first two can stand alone as a complete sentence, since they do not include a subject that performs the action. However, "I will run back home" certainly can stand alone, and it contains both a subject ("I") and a verb performed by the subject ("will run"). That makes it an independent clause.

I hope that helps!
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