Dear Friends,
Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
Puilunchristin wrote:
El Niño, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated
(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining to allow the warm water that is accumulating
(C) a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated
(D) is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated
(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm water accumulating
OG16 SC109
Concepts tested here: Tenses + Grammatical Construction + Pronouns + Verb Forms• The simple present tense is used to indicate actions taking place in the current time frame, indicate habitual actions, state universal truths, and convey information that is permanent in nature.
• The simple present continuous tense is used to refer to actions that are currently ongoing and continuous in nature.
• The present perfect tense (marked by the use of "has/have") is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
• "where" can only be used to refer to physical locations.
• For referring to the intent/purpose of an action, the infinitive verb form ("to + base form of verb" - "to + allow" in this sentence) is preferred over the present participle ("verb+ing" - "allowing" in this sentence).
A: This answer choice fails to form a complete sentence; as "combine" and "has accumulated" are both parts of a modifying phrase, there is no active verb to act upon the subject noun "El Niño". Further, Option A uses the present participle ("verb+ing" - "allowing" in this sentence) to refer to the purpose of the action "combine"; remember, for referring to the intent/purpose of an action, the infinitive verb form ("to + base form of verb") is preferred over the present participle.
B: This answer choice fails to form a complete sentence; as "are combining" and "is accumulating" are both parts of a modifying phrase, there is no active verb to act upon the subject noun "El Niño". Further, Option B incorrectly refers to the noun "phenomenon" with the pronoun "where"; remember, "where" can only be used to refer to physical locations. Additionally, Option B incorrectly uses the simple present continuous tense verb "are combining" to refer to a statement of universal fact; remember, statements of universal fact are best conveyed through the simple present tense, and the simple present continuous tense is used to refer to actions that are currently ongoing and continuous in nature. Besides, Option B incorrectly uses the simple present continuous tense verb "is accumulating" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; please remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of "has/have") is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present, and the simple present continuous tense is used to refer to actions that are currently ongoing and continuous in nature.
C: This answer choice fails to form a complete sentence; as "combine" and "is accumulated" are both parts of a modifying phrase, there is no active verb to act upon the subject noun "El Niño". Further, Option C incorrectly uses the simple present tense verb "is accumulated" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; please remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of "has/have") is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present, and the simple present tense is used to indicate actions taking place in the current time frame, indicate habitual actions, state universal truths, and convey information that is permanent in nature.
D: Correct. This answer choice acts upon the independent subject noun "El Niño" with the active verb "is" to form a complete thought, producing a complete sentence. Further, Option D avoids the pronoun error seen in Options B and E, as it uses the phrase "in which" rather than "where". Additionally, Option D correctly uses the simple present tense verb "combine" to refer to a statement of universal fact. Moreover, Option D correctly uses the present perfect tense verb "has accumulated" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present. Besides, Option D uses the infinitive verb form ("to + base form of verb" - "to + allow" in this sentence) to refer to the purpose of the action "combine".
E: This answer choice incorrectly refers to the noun "phenomenon" with the pronoun "where"; remember, "where" can only be used to refer to physical locations. Further, Option E uses the simple present continuous tense verb "are combining" to refer to a statement of universal fact; remember, statements of universal fact are best conveyed through the simple present tense, and the simple present continuous tense is used to refer to actions that are currently ongoing and continuous in nature. Additionally, Option E incorrectly uses the present participle ("verb+ing" - "accumulating" in this sentence) to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; please remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of "has/have") is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
Hence, D is the best answer choice.To understand the concept of "Simple Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):
To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
To understand the concept of "Simple Continuous Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
To understand the concept of "Infinitives" versus "Present Participle" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
All the best!
Experts' Global Team