Official Explanation:
this question contains a "Case II" use of the "with" + [noun] + [participle] structure, additional description. The participle following "with" is not an action word: it merely paints a picture, describes the appearance of the planet Uranus. This is 100% acceptable, so we can't eliminate anything on the basis of this split.
The sentence is radically reorganized on each choice, so we have to analyze each choice separately.
(A) "with"-phrase, comma, independent clause, colon, independent clause. = that's a grammatically correct organization of a sentence, and there are no errors; this choice is promising.
(B) "with"-phrase, comma, independent clause, "because" + [subordinate clause] = this organization is grammatically acceptable; however, the independent clause "Uranus' seasons exhibit extremeness" is an extremely indirect and awkward way of saying "Uranus exhibits extreme seasons". Further, "nearly tilted parallel" changes the meaning of the initial sentence: "nearly tilted parallel" means that the axis is almost tilted, while "tilted nearly parallel" means the axis is tilted such that it is almost parallel to a plane. Because of the change in meaning and awkward phrasing, B is wrong.
(C) has two independent clauses ("Uranus has... Solar System" and "it exhibits extreme seasons...") separated by a comma — this is a run-on sentence and is, therefore, incorrect.
(D) [absolute phrase], comma, [short independent clause], comma, "with"-phrase = this could be a grammatically acceptable organization, but the antecedent of the pronoun "it" is "Uranus's," which is in the possessive. The "with"-clause at the end is arguably the acceptable kind discussed in this blog, but the very short independent clause, following by a much longer "with"-phrase, is awkward. This is wrong.
(E) [prepositional phrases][noun modifying clause], comma, [independent clause], comma, [subordinate clause] = this could be a grammatically acceptable organization, but the verb tense "exhibited," past tense, is wrong. Also, the description of the hemispheres explains what is meant by "extreme seasons," but it's not an example of "extreme seasons;" the latter is what the construction "such that" implies. Finally, this is excessively wordy. This is wrong.
The only possible answer is (A).