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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
24% (01:57) correct
76%
(03:03) wrong
based on 59
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
40% (01:39) correct 60%
(01:37) wrong
based on 72
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
26% (00:53) correct 74%
(01:06) wrong
based on 68
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
25% (01:32) correct 75%
(01:11) wrong
based on 68
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
...There is a host of cultural entrepreneurs currently grasping at various forms of authority through appropriations of neuroscience, presented to us in the corresponding dialects of neuro-talk. Such talk is often accompanied by a picture of a brain scan, that fast-acting solvent of critical faculties... There are some basic conceptual problems hovering about the interpretation of brain scans as pictures of mentation. In parsing these problems, it becomes apparent that the current "neuro" enthusiasm should be understood in the larger context of scientism, a pervasive cultural tendency with its own logic. A prominent feature of this logic is the overextension of some mode of scientific explanation, or model, to domains in which it has little predictive or explanatory power...
As applied to medical diagnosis, a brain scan is similar in principle to a mammogram: it is a way of seeing inside the body. Its success at doing so is straightforward and indubitable. However, the use of neuroimaging in psychology is a fundamentally different kind of enterprise: it is a research method, the validity of which depends on a premise[, the modularity of mind,] ...that mental processes can be analysed into separate and distinct...modules, and further that these modules are instantiated or realised in localised brain regions.
The problem of classifying the mental is one that infects the neuroimaging enterprise at its very roots... William Uttal, a psychologist... [in his book, showed] that there has been no convergence of mental taxonomies over time, as one might expect in a mature science. "Rather," he writes, "a more or less expedient and highly transitory system of definitions has been developed in each generation as new phenomena are observed or hypothetical entities created."...The perennial need to divide psychology textbooks into topic chapters "pattern recognition," "focal attention," "visual memory," "speech perception," and the like has repeatedly induced an unwitting reification of such terms, whereby they come to be understood as separable, independent modules of mental function...
If the critique of mental modularity is valid, how can one account for the fact that brain scans reveal well-defined areas that "light up" in response to various cognitive tasks? In the case of functional (as opposed to structural) neuroimaging, what you see when you look at a brain scan is the result of subtraction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), for example, produces a map of the rate of oxygen use in different parts of the brain, which stands as a measure of metabolic activity. Or rather, it depicts the differential rate of oxygen use: one first takes a baseline measurement in the control condition, then a second measurement while the subject performs some cognitive task. The baseline measurement is then subtracted from the on-task measurement. The reasoning, seemingly plausible, is that whatever shows up in the subtractive method represents the metabolic activity associated
solely with the cognitive task in question....
Those who would use science to solve real human problems often must first translate those human problems into narrowly technical problems, framed in terms of some theoretically
tractable model and a corresponding method... But there is... an almost irresistible temptation to...suppose the world such that one's method is appropriate to it. When this
procedure is applied to human beings, the inevitable result is that the human is defined downward.
As applied to medical diagnosis, a brain scan is similar in principle to a mammogram: it is a way of seeing inside the body. Its success at doing so is straightforward and indubitable. However, the use of neuroimaging in psychology is a fundamentally different kind of enterprise: it is a research method, the validity of which depends on a premise[, the modularity of mind,] ...that mental processes can be analysed into separate and distinct...modules, and further that these modules are instantiated or realised in localised brain regions.
The problem of classifying the mental is one that infects the neuroimaging enterprise at its very roots... William Uttal, a psychologist... [in his book, showed] that there has been no convergence of mental taxonomies over time, as one might expect in a mature science. "Rather," he writes, "a more or less expedient and highly transitory system of definitions has been developed in each generation as new phenomena are observed or hypothetical entities created."...The perennial need to divide psychology textbooks into topic chapters "pattern recognition," "focal attention," "visual memory," "speech perception," and the like has repeatedly induced an unwitting reification of such terms, whereby they come to be understood as separable, independent modules of mental function...
If the critique of mental modularity is valid, how can one account for the fact that brain scans reveal well-defined areas that "light up" in response to various cognitive tasks? In the case of functional (as opposed to structural) neuroimaging, what you see when you look at a brain scan is the result of subtraction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), for example, produces a map of the rate of oxygen use in different parts of the brain, which stands as a measure of metabolic activity. Or rather, it depicts the differential rate of oxygen use: one first takes a baseline measurement in the control condition, then a second measurement while the subject performs some cognitive task. The baseline measurement is then subtracted from the on-task measurement. The reasoning, seemingly plausible, is that whatever shows up in the subtractive method represents the metabolic activity associated
solely with the cognitive task in question....
Those who would use science to solve real human problems often must first translate those human problems into narrowly technical problems, framed in terms of some theoretically
tractable model and a corresponding method... But there is... an almost irresistible temptation to...suppose the world such that one's method is appropriate to it. When this
procedure is applied to human beings, the inevitable result is that the human is defined downward.
D
(A) Psychology became a set of hypothetical ideas that was treated as something aligned to a particular generation.
(B) Ideas within psychology became divergent, adding to the notion that there is a separate mental entity called the mind.
(C) There was a need to create multiple concepts perennially, establishing separate mental function modules.
(D) Abstract concepts became treated as independent concrete ideas, addint to the illusion of modularity of mind.
C
(A) The mind is composed of innate neutral structures or mental modules which have distinct, established and evolutionarily developed functions.
(B) The mind comprises genetically influenced and domain-specific mental algorithms or computational modules designed to solve specific evolutionary problems of the past.
(C) Humans are born with mechanisms in the brain that exist to support and guide learning on a broad level, regardless of the type of information being learned.
(D) Neutral domains are independent, purposed solely for the acquisition of one skill, and may not provide direct benefits in the learning of other, unrelated skills.
C
(A) To suggest that the value of a brain scan depends on how it is used.
(B) To argue that brain scans have been a very straightforward success.
(C) to undermine a theory in which the brain scan is used to validate.
(D) To differentiate a valid use of brain scan from a more unreliable one.
A
(A) The subtraction method employed in the brain scan merely creates a wrong perception that mental modularity exists.
(B) The subtraction method is an effective way to isolate specific mental functions within localised brain regions.
(C) The subtraction method enhances the accuracy of brain scans by eliminating baseline noise.
(D) The subtraction method helps in mapping the brain's overall metabolic activity rather than specific cognitive tasks.
14 Aug 2024, 00:46
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4 Options? Is it CAT exam RC passage?
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