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4. According to the passage, which of the following was one of the tenets held by Romantic artists?

(A) Nature is best understood by the patient examination of small details.
(B Reality is constituted by the action of the human mind. (as per para 2)
(C) The function of art is to mirror social reality.
(D) The-most important quality of any piece of art is the extravagance of its style.
(E) The form of art must express the function of its elements.

The immense effort of the previous generation of Romantic poets and painters to undo the damage of empiricism by proving that the imagination creates reality was completely undermined.

5. According to the passage, Ruskin recommended that painters concern themselves with

(A) maintaining the independence of the imagination
(B) the representation of ideas (true)
(C) accurate depiction of surface detail
(D) human activities
(E) the presentation of moral dilemmas


Painters, as if shamed by the precision of photo-graphic images, began to paint not the greatest number of the greatest ideas, which art critic John Ruskin had held before than as a goa


8. The author refers to Dickens (Text in Red) to illustrate which of the following?

(A) The degree to which nineteenth-century novelists wished to disassociate themselves from their predecessors
(B) The excessive faithfulness to detail that characterized Dickens' work
(C) The manner in which the development of photography influenced even nongraphic art
(D) The unbroken connection between positivist philosophers and the major novelists of the nineteenth century
(E) The extent to which nineteenth-century novelists wished to have their work defined as realistic (True)

Dickens defends some work with putting 30 cases. Shows the extent of novelist to have their work defined as something
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Official Answers are revealed now, As you can see.

CDDBBBCE

Competition mode is off now.

Participation in this passage is not up to the mark and the reasons are apparently the length of the passage, the number of questions, and the efforts required to write the explanations. But I want to tell you all that the source of this passage is calmingly the Official GMAC so do not underestimate these lengthy passages and also do not waste them as a resource.

My comments on the replies:

Good work sivakumarm786 I will mark your explanation as 7/10

Elite097 for you it is like 5/10 and there is enough rom available for improvement in your explanations.

samagra21 good try but hard luck and it is 2/10.

One more thing, please format your explanations properly. Color them to differentiate what your wrote. Usually Red color to explain wrong options and Green for the right one. It will save my time to read and mark. Here are a few examples of best formatted replies from the past.


Let me know your thoughts.

Thank you
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Sajjad1994 which GMAT edition/ official resource is it? Can you pls post explanations for all?
Are all questions across in this quiz from Official GMAC?

Sajjad1994
Official Answers are revealed now, As you can see.

CDDBBBCE

Competition mode is off now.

Participation in this passage is not up to the mark and the reasons are apparently the length of the passage, the number of questions, and the efforts required to write the explanations. But I want to tell you all that the source of this passage is calmingly the Official GMAC so do not underestimate these lengthy passages and also do not waste them as a resource.

My comments on the replies:

Good work sivakumarm786 I will mark your explanation as 7/10

Elite097 for you it is like 5/10 and there is enough rom available for improvement in your explanations.

samagra21 good try but hard luck and it is 2/10.

One more thing, please format your explanations properly. Color them to differentiate what your wrote. Usually Red color to explain wrong options and Green for the right one. It will save my time to read and mark. Here are a few examples of best formatted replies from the past.


Let me know your thoughts.

Thank you
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Explanation

1. According to the passage, those critical of Romantic poets and painters contended that the works of these artists

Explanation

The passage discusses the changing attitudes toward the role of imagination in creating reality during the mid-nineteenth century. The adherents of positivism argued that nature is independent of the imagination and that knowledge consists only in the proper connection of sense data. Historians like von Ranke and Buckle argued that the existence of "objective fact" enabled them to record with accuracy what actually happened in the past. The advent of photography in the 1850s provided evidence for an objective reality independent of the imagination, which challenged the Romantic poets and painters who had previously worked to prove that the imagination creates reality.

The passage states that the painters' position became untenable with the advent of photography because the mindless photograph challenged the poet or painter to deny that an objective, despicable nature was out there separate from the mind. Painters began to paint not the greatest number of the greatest ideas, but the greatest amount of accurate surface detail. Therefore, the critical of Romantic poets and painters contended that the works of these artists presented a false representation of reality.

The question asks what the critics of Romantic poets and painters contended about their works. The passage states that "hostile critics had found it easy to dispute such claims," which implies that the critics did not believe that the works of the Romantic poets and painters presented an accurate representation of reality. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) presented a false representation of reality. Answer choices (A), (B), (D), and (E) are incorrect because they are not supported by the passage.

The passage does not mention empiricism in relation to the works of Romantic poets and painters, so (A) is incorrect.

While the advent of photography challenged the position of Romantic poets and painters, the passage does not suggest that critics of Romantic poets and painters used photographs as evidence against their works, so (B) is incorrect.

The passage does not mention social reality in relation to the works of Romantic poets and painters, so (D) is incorrect.

The passage states that painters began to paint accurate surface details, but it does not suggest that Romantic poets and painters made no attempt to depict nature, so (E) is incorrect.

Therefore, the correct answer is (C) presented a false representation of reality.

Answer: C
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Explanation

2. It can be inferred that, in presenting an account of nineteenth-century thought, the author of the pas-sage assumes which of the following?

Explanation

The passage discusses the changing attitudes toward reality and imagination during the mid-nineteenth century, as evidenced in philosophy, history, painting, literature, and opera. The author assumes that trends in one area of thought or art often coincide with concurrent trends in other areas. Therefore, the correct answer is (D).

(A) is incorrect because although the passage mentions that the work of painters and novelists was influenced by changing attitudes in philosophy and history, it does not state that these changes were direct or intentional.

(B) is incorrect because there is no evidence in the passage to support the claim that artists in any area of the creative arts imitate other artists in their area.

(C) is incorrect because the passage does not make a direct comparison between Realist and Romantic artists or make any statement about the relative sophistication of either group.

(E) is incorrect because the passage only discusses the mid-nineteenth century and makes no direct comparison to the preceding century.

Answer: D.
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Explanation

3. The changes in mid-nineteenth century artistic expression, as they are described in the passage, would have been LEAST likely to result in which of the following?

Explanation

The passage discusses the changes in artistic expression in the mid-nineteenth century, which were driven by a growing concern with representing the "real" external world. This concern was influenced by developments in philosophy and technology, such as the rise of positivism and the advent of photography, which challenged the Romantic notion that the imagination creates reality.

The passage mentions that painters, "shamed by the precision of photographic images," began to focus on "the greatest amount of accurate surface detail" in their work. Similarly, the passage describes how novelists of the time "strived to convince readers of the real-life accuracy of their fictions." The focus on accuracy and verisimilitude is also apparent in the increasing concern with naturalness in opera.

Given this context, it is unlikely that a painting depicting the triumph in battle of a mythical Greek hero would result from these changes in artistic expression. Such a painting would not be concerned with representing the "real" external world, but rather with depicting a mythological or legendary event. It would not be focused on accurate surface detail, but on creating a heroic or fantastical image. Therefore, option D) is the correct answer.

Answer: D
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Explanation

4. According to the passage, which of the following was one of the tenets held by Romantic artists?

Explanation

The passage discusses the changing attitudes towards the concept of reality in the mid-nineteenth century. Early nineteenth-century European intellectuals and artists believed that the willful, energetic dynamism of the human imagination creates what we know of reality. However, this belief was challenged by the adherents of positivism, historians like von Ranke and Buckle, and W. K. Clifford. The rapid changes in photography during the 1850s provided evidence for an objective reality independent of the imagination. Painters began to focus on accurate surface detail rather than the greatest number of the greatest ideas. Novels and opera also showed a growing concern with the "real" external world. The passage implies that Romantic artists believed that reality is constituted by the action of the human mind. Therefore, the correct answer is (B).

Option (A) is incorrect because there is no mention of Romantic artists' belief in patient examination of small details.

Option (C) is partially correct, as the passage discusses how art turned towards mirroring social reality.

Option (D) is incorrect because the passage describes how painters moved away from extravagance of style.

Option (E) is also incorrect as there is no mention of the form of art expressing the function of its elements.

In summary, the correct answer is (B) because the passage states that Romantic artists believed that reality is constituted by the action of the human mind, which is challenged by the belief in an objective reality independent of the imagination in the mid-nineteenth century.

Answer: B
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Explanation

5. According to the passage, Ruskin recommended that painters concern themselves with

Explanation

The passage explains how the belief that the imagination creates reality was being reshaped in the mid-nineteenth century. The adherents of positivism argued that nature is independent of the imagination, and historians argued that objective facts enabled them to record with accuracy what actually happened in the past. With the advent of photography, painters' efforts to prove that the imagination creates reality were completely undermined. Painters began to paint the greatest amount of accurate surface detail, and art turned toward mirroring social reality.

The passage mentions John Ruskin, an art critic, who held the goal of the greatest number of the greatest ideas in painting before the mid-nineteenth century. However, painters' efforts to convince others that their versions of the world were real were challenged by the advent of photography, and they began to paint accurate surface detail. Therefore, the correct answer is (B) the representation of ideas, as Ruskin believed in painting the greatest number of the greatest ideas before the mid-nineteenth century.

Answer: B
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Explanation

6. The author's use of the word "mindless" (Highlighted) implies that he believes that which of the following is true of mid-nineteenth-century views of photography?

Explanation

The author argues in the passage that by the mid-nineteenth century, there was a growing belief in an objective reality independent of the imagination. This was in contrast to the earlier Romantic view that the imagination creates reality. The advent of photography in the 1850s provided evidence for this objective reality and challenged the idea that the imagination creates reality. Painters, in response, began to focus on accurate surface detail rather than the greatest number of the greatest ideas. Similarly, novelists strove to convince readers of the real-life accuracy of their fictions, and there was increased concern with verisimilitude on the stage.

With this context in mind, we can understand the author's use of the word "mindless" to describe photography. The word implies that the content of a photograph was not influenced by the photographer's imagination or creativity. In other words, a photograph was seen as a direct representation of an objective reality that existed independent of the photographer's perspective or interpretation. This is captured by option (B), which correctly states that a photograph's content was regarded as completely uninfluenced by the photographer.

Option (A) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that photographers were regarded as creative artists.

Option (C) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that photographs could not be analyzed in the way paintings could.

Option (D) is incorrect because the passage does not make a comparison between the artistic techniques of painting and photography.

Option (E) is incorrect because the passage specifically discusses the relative accuracy of paintings and photographs and suggests that the accuracy of photographs challenged the earlier Romantic view that the imagination creates reality.

Answer: B
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Explanation

7. The passage implies by the phrase "to mirror social reality" (Highlighted) that mid-nineteenth-century painters attempted to

Explanation

The passage discusses how the belief that the imagination creates reality was challenged in the mid-nineteenth century by the rise of positivism and the development of photography. Painters responded to this challenge by focusing on accurate surface detail to mirror social reality. The phrase "to mirror social reality" means to reproduce faithfully what they saw around them. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) reproduce faithfully what they saw around them.

Option (A), depicting the truth of character behind the mask of physical appearance, is not supported by the passage.

Option (B), conveying their own unique vision of people in social settings, is mentioned as a goal of art critic John Ruskin, but not as a response to the challenge of positivism and photography.

Option (D), concentrating primarily on the refinement of technique, is not mentioned in the passage as a goal of mid-nineteenth-century painters.

Option (E), intensifying their imaginative visions by exaggerating surface detail, is the opposite of what the passage describes, as painters moved away from imaginative visions and focused on accurate surface detail to mirror social reality.

Answer: C
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Explanation

8. The author refers to Dickens (Text in Red) to illustrate which of the following?

Explanation

The correct answer is (E) The extent to which nineteenth-century novelists wished to have their work defined as realistic.

The passage discusses how the idea of an objective reality independent of the imagination was becoming prevalent in the mid-nineteenth century due to advancements in fields such as philosophy, history, and photography. The passage also mentions how painters and novelists were affected by this growing concern with the “real” external world, and how they began to focus on accurately mirroring social reality in their works.

The author cites Dickens in the context of defending the symbolic episode of Krook's spontaneous combustion as documented fact in the preface to Bleak House. This illustrates that Dickens wished to have his work defined as realistic, indicating that the extent to which nineteenth-century novelists wished to have their work defined as realistic is the correct answer.

(A) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the degree to which nineteenth-century novelists wished to disassociate themselves from their predecessors.

(B) is incorrect because although the passage mentions painters shifting from the greatest number of the greatest ideas to the greatest amount of accurate surface detail, it does not discuss Dickens' excessive faithfulness to detail.

(C) is incorrect because the passage discusses the influence of the development of photography on the creative arts, but not on nongraphic art specifically.

(D) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss an unbroken connection between positivist philosophers and major novelists of the nineteenth century.

Answer: E
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Hello sivakumarm786
Elite097
samagra21

I have formatted your replies; please follow this pattern in your upcoming explanations. And delete or edit your wrong answers once the OAs revealed.
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Elite097
Sajjad1994 which GMAT edition/ official resource is it? Can you pls post explanations for all?
Are all questions across in this quiz from Official GMAC?

The source I got this passage from claims this passage to be the Official GMAT. According to my research on the length of the passage, number and structure of the questions, and the quality of the passage it looks like this passage comes from GMAC Paper based test or the material generated in pre-2000s. Nonetheless I am not claiming this passage is definite from the Official GMAT but its quality do.
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Sajjad1994
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Sajjad1994 which GMAT edition/ official resource is it? Can you pls post explanations for all?
Are all questions across in this quiz from Official GMAC?
The source I got this passage from claims this passage to be the Official GMAT. According to my research on the length of the passage, number and structure of the questions, and the quality of the passage it looks like this passage comes from GMAC Paper based test or the material generated in pre-2000s. Nonetheless I am not claiming this passage is definite from the Official GMAT but its quality do.
­Hello, 

I have not seen such lengthy RCs with as many questions in any GMAT Focus mocks that I have given - official as well as unofficial. 

Is it likely that we'd be faced with such lengthy RCs on the official GMAT considering the test in itself has been shortened?

I would like to know this to practice more such questions. 

Thank you. 
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