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How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems
[#permalink]
09 Apr 2004, 16:01
How many really suffer as a result of labor mar- ket problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard- (5) ship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930's when most of the unemployed were primary breadwin- ners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there (10) were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare pro- (15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse- quences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority (20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an (25) accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are (30) so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing jobless- ness at some time during the year is several times (35)the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly (40) unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and depen- (45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those fail- ing in the labor market are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is (50) uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tol- erated or must be countered by job creation and (55) economic stimulus. There is only one area of agree- ment in this debate---that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.
1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage? (A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering (B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty (C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment (D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures (E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
2.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author? (A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment. (B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view. (C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering. (D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure. (E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
3 .The author's purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that (A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force (B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness (C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers (D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship (E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures
4. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the (A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers (B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker (C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor (D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics (E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed
5. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that (A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long (B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages (C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work (D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed (E) many of those who are affected by unemploy- ment are dependents of unemployed workers
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Re: How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems
[#permalink]
09 Apr 2004, 18:06
In many ways,our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard- (5) ship.
E
There is only one area of agree-
ment in this debate---that the existing poverty,
employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the
consequences of labor market problems
C
Not Sure about This...
E or B...chose E
Earnings and income data
also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among
the millions with hourly earnings at or below the
minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority
(20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent
families.
Re: How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems
[#permalink]
11 Apr 2004, 21:44
Quote:
Time yourself Solve as fast as you can Please explain your solution here, and your time please
How many really suffer as a result of labor mar- ket problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard- (5) ship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930's when most of the unemployed were primary breadwin- ners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there (10) were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare pro- (15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse- quences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority (20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an (25) accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are (30) so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing jobless- ness at some time during the year is several times (35)the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly (40) unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and depen- (45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those fail- ing in the labor market are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is (50) uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tol- erated or must be countered by job creation and (55) economic stimulus. There is only one area of agree- ment in this debate---that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.
Quote:
1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage? (A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering (B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty (C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment (D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures (E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
Answer : E
Quote:
2.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author? (A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment. (B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view. (C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering. (D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure. (E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
Answer : C
Quote:
3 .The author's purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that (A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force (B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness (C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers (D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship (E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures
Answer: B
Quote:
4. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the (A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers (B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker (C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor (D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics (E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed
Answer : E
Quote:
5. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that (A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long (B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages (C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work (D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed (E) many of those who are affected by unemploy- ment are dependents of unemployed workers
Re: How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems
[#permalink]
12 Apr 2004, 18:06
kpadma wrote:
Could anyone explain why D is correct for question 5? (BTW: I also got that wrong)
Quote:
Since the number experiencing jobless- ness at some time during the year is [b]several times (35)the number unemployed in any month[/b], those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.
kpadma, this is one of the tougher ones. I hope my explanations helps. I reached the answer using the process of elimination. my explanation for D might not be credible, but i hope i can explain why the other choices are wrong.
This RC uses an intelligent way of asking an assumption question
The conclusion: the number who suffer from forced idleness is equal or more than the average unemployment, even though only a minority suffers.
The author tries to show how social statistics underestimate the degree of hardship and one of his explanations is lines 33-36. Now lets look at the answer choices
Example based on the conclusion : 50 people experienced joblessness in january and 600 were unemployed due to forced idleness in January. ( notice that the diff. is several times) So total for Jan. = 650
5. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that
Quote:
(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long
if thats the case, then the authors statement does not hold.
Quote:
(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages
Its talking about something totally different. its starts at line 30 and is not part of the argument.
Quote:
(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work
if thats the case, then the real number of unemployed due to forced idleness would be lower and contradicts the conclusion. Even if they are underemployed, they still have some form of employment.
Quote:
(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed
The author makes a generic statement about the difference in number between workers feeling joblessness and workers suffering from forced idleness. I think this 'ratio' can only be maintained if D is true.
Anyone want to refute/add to this?
Quote:
(E) many of those who are affected by unemploy- ment are dependents of unemployed workers
Its not related to the issue. we are talking about numbers of people suffering due to forced idleness, not about their dependents
Re: How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems
[#permalink]
18 Mar 2013, 06:38
Please explain how to answer the following question of this passage:
9. Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market? (A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant. (B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living. (C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment. (D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market. (E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.
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Re: How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems [#permalink]
close
09 Apr 2004, 16:01
