Xin Cho wrote:
Scientific research at a certain university was supported in part by an annual grant from a major foundation. When the university's physics department embarked on weapons-related research, the foundation, which has purely humanitarian mission, threatened to cancel its grant. The university then promised that none of the foundation's money would be used for the weapons research, whereupon the foundation withdrew its threat, concluding that the weapons research would not benefit from the foundation's grant.
Which of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning underlying the foundation's conclusion?
Inference 1: We need to understand that the Foundation is concerned that its money should not be used for Weapon Research.
Inference 2: The foundation is not concerned whether its money is used for non-humanitarian ground or not. As long as the money is not spent on Wepon Research, foundation is okay.
With these 2 inferences in mind, lets look at the options:
Xin Cho wrote:
A) It overlooks the possibility that the availability of the foundation's money for humanitarian uses will allow the university to redirect other funds from humanitarian uses to weapons research.
This highlights a loophole wherein the University will not directly use Foundation's money for Weapon Research. Foe eg. it may give foundation grant to Sociology department and then take the existing grant of Sociology department from other sources to fund the Weapon Research. In this case the Weapon Research can be funded indirectly from the Foundation's moneyXin Cho wrote:
B) It overlooks the possibility that the physics department's weapons research is not the only one of the university's research activities with other than purely humanitarian purposes.
As stated in Inference 2, Foundation is not concerned whether its money is spent on non-humanitarian causes, as long as its not weapon research Xin Cho wrote:
C) It overlooks the possibility that the university made its promise specifically in order to induce the foundation to withdraw its threat.
This is not what the conclusion or the article states. Hence "out of scope" optionXin Cho wrote:
D) It confuses the intention of not using a sum of money for a particular purpose with the intention of not using that sum of money at all.
The conclusion doesnt mention that the money will not be used at all. Hence wrong optionXin Cho wrote:
E) It assumes that if the means to achieve an objective are humanitarian in character, then the objective is also humanitarian in character.
As stated in inference 2 above, Foundation is not concerned with Humanitarian spendingTherefore A is the correct answer IMO