1. Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?(A) In order to be morally justifiable, laws prohibiting activities that are not inherently harm-producing must apply equitably to everyone.
(B) It is justifiable to require social conformity where noncompliance would be harmful to either the nonconforming individual or the larger group.
(C) Achieving coordination can be argued to be a morally legitimate justification for rules that prevent directly harmful actions and others that prevent indirectly harmful actions.
(D) It is reasonable to hold that restricting individual liberty is always justified on the basis of mutually agreed-upon community standards.
(E) The principle of preventing harm to others can be used to justify laws that do not at first glance appear to be designed to prevent such harm.
2. It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author considers which one of the following factors to be generally necessary for the justification of rules compelling coordination of people’s activities?(A) evidence that such rules do not force individuals to act for their own good
(B) enactment of such rules by a duly elected or appointed government lawmaking organization
(C) the assurance that criminal penalties are provided as a means of securing compliance with such rules
(D) some form of consent on the part of rational people who are subject to such rules
(E) a sense of community and cultural uniformity among those who are required to abide by such rules
3. It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?(A) In all situations in which compulsory rules are needed for the coordination of human activities, any uniformly enforced rule is as acceptable as any other.
(B) No private organizational rules designed to coordinate the activities of members have as complex a relation to the goal of preventing harm as have some criminal statutes.
(C) Every fair rule that could be effectively used to prescribe which side of the road to drive on is a rule whose implementation would likely cause less harm than it would prevent.
(D) There would be little need for formal regulation and enforcement of conventional driving patterns if all drivers understood and accepted the rationale behind such regulation and enforcement.
(E) Unlike rules forbidding such acts as burglary and assault, those that are designed primarily to prevent the inconvenience and chaos of uncoordinated activities should not involve criminal penalties.
4. The author distinguishes between two examples of coordinating rules on the basis of whether or not such rules(A) prevent some harm beyond that which consists simply in a lack of coordination
(B) are intended to ensure conformity to a set of agreed-upon standards
(C) are voluntarily agreed upon by all those affected by such rules
(D) could be considered justifiable by the legal theorists discussed in the passage
(E) apply less directly to the problem of preventing harm than do rules against burglary and assault
5. Which one of the following is a rule that primarily addresses a problem of coordination most similar to that discussed in the second paragraph?(A) a rule requiring that those who wish to dig for ancient artifacts secure the permission of relevant authorities and the owners of the proposed site before proceeding with their activities
(B) a rule requiring that pharmacists dispense certain kinds of medications only when directed to do so by physicians’ prescriptions, rather than simply selling medicines at the customers’ request
(C) a rule requiring that advertisers be able to substantiate the claims they make in advertisements, rather than simply saying whatever they think will help to attract customers
(D) a rule requiring that employees of a certain restaurant all wear identical uniforms during their hours of employment, rather than wearing whatever clothes they choose
(E) a rule requiring different aircraft to fly at different altitudes rather than flying at any altitude their pilots wish
6. In line 54, the author uses the expression “somewhat complex” primarily to describe reasoning that(A) involves two layers of law, one governing the private sector and the other governing the public sector
(B) requires that those affected by the rule understand the motivation behind its imposition
(C) involves a case in which a harm to be prevented is indirectly related to the kind of act that is to be prohibited
(D) can convince athletes that their health is as important as their competitive success
(E) illustrates how appeals to the need for coordination can be used to justify many rules that do not involve coordination