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Bunuel
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Bunuel
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(A) employs the imprecise term “ascetic”
there's no indication of that.

(B) generalizes from a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative
correct ,as idiosyncrasies of a particular group doesn't apply for whole civilization.

(C) applies contemporary standards inappropriately to medieval societies
the comparison is rather conveying the message clearly.

(D) inserts personal opinions into what purports to be a factual debate
not personal.Instead based on surviving writings.

(E) advances premises that are inconsistent
incorrect.author came to a conclusion with given provided info.

IMO B is the answer
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The enthusiastic acceptance of ascetic lifestyles evidenced in the surviving writings of monastic authors indicates that medieval societies were much less concerned with monetary gain than are contemporary Western cultures.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

(A) employs the imprecise term “ascetic” - WRONG. Tries to attack the argument instead of what it tries to established.
(B) generalizes from a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative - CORRECT. Doesn't look like an answer at first but probably right in considering the writings of only monastic authors as representative of medieval societies. There might be other authors also.
(C) applies contemporary standards inappropriately to medieval societies - WRONG. I chose this one believing that medieval societies might have had their own way of being contemporary. Here 'contemporary standards' seems to be one single entity(standard) that can be applied on various periods.
(D) inserts personal opinions into what purports to be a factual debate - WRONG. There's no personal opinion.
(E) advances premises that are inconsistent - WRONG. Not at all considerable.

Answer B.
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