1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?(A) By commercializing the research enterprise, biotechnology patents threaten the progress of basic research in the biological sciences.
(B) The recent shift away from a communal tradition and toward a market-driven approach to basic scientific research has caused controversy among scientists.
(C) The current system of patent protection for intellectual property unfairly penalizes both academic researchers and commercial interests.
(D) Concerns expressed by academic researchers that biotechnology patents will negatively affect their ability to conduct basic research are largely misguided.
(E) Patent litigation is so expensive that biotechnology patent holders are unlikely to bring patent-infringement lawsuits against scientists engaged in basic research.
2. The academic researchers mentioned in lines 30-31 would be most likely to subscribe to which one of the following principles?(A) The competitive dynamics of the market should be allowed to determine the course of basic scientific research.
(B) The inventor of a biological material should not be allowed to charge fees that would prevent its use in basic research.
(C) Academic researchers should take measures to prevent their competitors from gaining access to materials they have created.
(D) Universities should take aggressive legal action to protect their intellectual property.
(E) Funding for scientific research projects should depend at least in part on the commercial potential of those projects.
3. According to the passage, why do university researchers increasingly believe that patents should be granted for commercially promising biotechnology discoveries?(A) Researchers' prospects for academic advancement depend on both the quality and the quantity of their research.
(B) Researchers' funding is often contingent on whether they can produce a patentable product.
(C) Researchers see no incompatibility between unfettered basic research and the granting of biotechnology patents.
(D) Researchers increasingly believe their intellectual labor is being unfairly exploited by universities that partner with for-profit corporations.
(E) Most researchers prefer a competitive model of scientific research to a communal model.
4. With which one of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?(A) In the early days of biotechnology research, scientists freely shared research materials because they were not entitled to intellectual property protection for their inventions.
(B) Corporate patent holders typically charge excessive fees for the right to conduct research involving their patented materials.
(C) The cost of patent litigation is an effective check on patent holders who might otherwise try to prevent researchers engaged in basic research from using patented materials.
(D) Biotechnology researchers in academic institutions rely too heavily on funding that is partially contingent on the patentability of their results.
(E) Scientists who oppose the idea of patenting biotechnology do so because their work is not sufficiently innovative to qualify for patent protection.
5. The author refers to the early days of biotechnology (line 38) primarily in order to(A) furnish a brief account of the evolution of academic biotechnology research
(B) establish that present competitive practices in biotechnology research are not entirely unprecedented
(C) express nostalgia for a time when biotechnology research was untainted by commercial motives
(D) argue that biotechnology research is considerably more sophisticated today than it was in the past
(E) provide a historical justification for opposition to biotechnology patents
6. The passage provides the strongest support for inferring which one of the following?(A) Policy makers are no less likely than academic researchers to favor new restrictions on biotechnology patents.
(B) Most biotechnology patent holders believe that the pursuit of basic research in academic institutions threatens their market position.
(C) Biotechnology researchers who work in academic institutions and oppose biotechnology patents are generally unable to obtain funding for their work.
(D) Suing for patent infringement is not the only way in which patent holders can assert legal control over the use of their patented materials.
(E) Rapid commercialization in the field of biotechnology has led to a dearth of highly educated biologists willing to teach in academic institutions.
7. Suppose a university researcher wants to conduct basic, noncommercial research involving cell lines patented by a for-profit biotechnology corporation. The author would be most likely to make which one of the following predictions about the researcher's prospects?(A) The researcher will probably be unable to use the cell lines because the corporation holding the patent will demand a prohibitively high payment for their use.
(B) The corporation holding the patent will probably successfully sue the researcher for patent infringement if she conducts the research without permission.
(C) The university that employs the researcher will likely prohibit the research in an effort to avoid being sued by the corporation holding the patent.
(D) The researcher has a good chance of not being held liable for patent infringement if she conducts the research and is subsequently sued.
(E) The corporation will probably offer to fund the research if granted exclusive rights to any resulting marketable product.