Political scientist: Democracy depends on free choices, and choices cannot be free unless they are made on the basis of well-reasoned opinions. In the Information Age, reading skills have become essential to forming well-reasoned opinions. Thus, in the Information Age, a highly literate society will be a democratic one.
The political scientist's reasoning is flawed in that itThe argument shows that democracy requires free choices, free choices require well-reasoned opinions, and well-reasoned opinions require reading skills. So literacy is presented as
necessary for democracy in the Information Age. But the conclusion says that a highly literate society will be democratic, treating literacy as
sufficient for democracy.
(A) mistakes necessary conditions for sufficient conditions
Correct. The argument shows that literacy is needed for democracy, but then concludes that literacy guarantees democracy. That is the classic necessary versus sufficient condition flaw.
(B) fails to take into account that there are many means of forming well-reasoned opinions
Wrong. The passage says reading skills have become essential to forming well-reasoned opinions. The flaw is not about other possible means.
(C) confuses the means of doing something with the reasons for doing it
Wrong. The argument does not confuse methods with motives.
(D) generalizes too hastily from one type of case to another
Wrong. The flaw is conditional logic, not hasty generalization.
(E) takes for granted that a condition under which something occurs is a condition under which all its prerequisites occur
Wrong. The argument does not say that if democracy occurs, all prerequisites occur. That would actually be reasonable. The problem is that it reverses the relationship and treats one prerequisite as enough.
Answer: (A)