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04 Apr 2019, 23:37
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Palaeoanthropologists once believed that Neanderthals’ social networks resembled chimpanzees’. Among chimpanzees, individuals tend to treat ‘out-group’ counterparts as enemies to be driven away or eliminated, not fellows with whom to communicate or cooperate. This inference stemmed from the fact that, in most of the Neanderthal sites discovered so far, tools have been found pretty near the source of stone from which they had been made.
The palaeoanthropologists referred to in the above argument must have assumed that
A. Neanderthals used to settle in places where stones fit to make tools with were abundant.
B. Tools and artifacts could go far away from where they had been manufactured only if Neanderthals from one site engaged in trade with their counterparts from another site.
C. Neanderthals from different sites used different languages or sign languages which disallowed any cooperation across several settlements.
D. Neanderthals resemble the chimpanzees of today to a degree that justifies assuming that Neanderthals social organization must have been similar to today's chimpanzees'.
E. Among chimpanzees, groups fight one another over control of limited resources like food and an individual cooperates with other members of his or her group so that the group succeeds in retaining control over such resources.
The palaeoanthropologists referred to in the above argument must have assumed that
A. Neanderthals used to settle in places where stones fit to make tools with were abundant.
B. Tools and artifacts could go far away from where they had been manufactured only if Neanderthals from one site engaged in trade with their counterparts from another site.
C. Neanderthals from different sites used different languages or sign languages which disallowed any cooperation across several settlements.
D. Neanderthals resemble the chimpanzees of today to a degree that justifies assuming that Neanderthals social organization must have been similar to today's chimpanzees'.
E. Among chimpanzees, groups fight one another over control of limited resources like food and an individual cooperates with other members of his or her group so that the group succeeds in retaining control over such resources.
04 Apr 2019, 23:57
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Conclusion: Palaeoanthropologists once believed that Neanderthals’ social networks resembled chimpanzees’.
Supporting Premise: Among chimpanzees, individuals tend to treat ‘out-group’ counterparts as enemies to be driven away or eliminated, not fellows with whom to communicate or cooperate.
Supporting Premise: This inference stemmed from the fact that, in most of the Neanderthal sites discovered so far, tools have been found pretty near the source of stone from which they had been made.
A. Neanderthals used to settle in places where stones fit to make tools with were abundant. - Irrelevant. Even if they dont settle near places where stones are available, that doesn't weaken the conclusion.
C. Neanderthals from different sites used different languages or sign languages which disallowed any cooperation across several settlements. - This is new information that doesn't link with stone tools
D. Neanderthals resemble the chimpanzees of today to a degree that justifies assuming that Neanderthals social organization must have been similar to today's chimpanzees'. - Resemblance is not something that the passage talks about
E. Among chimpanzees, groups fight one another over control of limited resources like food and an individual cooperates with other members of his or her group so that the group succeeds in retaining control over such resources. - This doesn't give any information about whether Neanderthals also have the same behavior or that is the reason for having stone tools
B. Tools and artifacts could go far away from where they had been manufactured only if Neanderthals from one site engaged in trade with their counterparts from another site. - Correct. This proves that the reason why tools were found near the stone sites because they didn't engage in friendly trade. If we negate this, it weakens stand that they didn't engage in co-operation.
Supporting Premise: Among chimpanzees, individuals tend to treat ‘out-group’ counterparts as enemies to be driven away or eliminated, not fellows with whom to communicate or cooperate.
Supporting Premise: This inference stemmed from the fact that, in most of the Neanderthal sites discovered so far, tools have been found pretty near the source of stone from which they had been made.
A. Neanderthals used to settle in places where stones fit to make tools with were abundant. - Irrelevant. Even if they dont settle near places where stones are available, that doesn't weaken the conclusion.
C. Neanderthals from different sites used different languages or sign languages which disallowed any cooperation across several settlements. - This is new information that doesn't link with stone tools
D. Neanderthals resemble the chimpanzees of today to a degree that justifies assuming that Neanderthals social organization must have been similar to today's chimpanzees'. - Resemblance is not something that the passage talks about
E. Among chimpanzees, groups fight one another over control of limited resources like food and an individual cooperates with other members of his or her group so that the group succeeds in retaining control over such resources. - This doesn't give any information about whether Neanderthals also have the same behavior or that is the reason for having stone tools
B. Tools and artifacts could go far away from where they had been manufactured only if Neanderthals from one site engaged in trade with their counterparts from another site. - Correct. This proves that the reason why tools were found near the stone sites because they didn't engage in friendly trade. If we negate this, it weakens stand that they didn't engage in co-operation.
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13 Apr 2019, 13:00
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Why is C incorrect? If we negate it and say that "Neanderthals from different areas had similar languages that allowed to cooperate", then the argument, which includes the premise the monkeys treated other monkeys as enemies, is broken. So, C is a good answer.
