1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?(A) Advertising has greater social value than Marcusians have supposed, because it is both an effective means of informing consumers and often an intrinsically entertaining medium of mass communication.
(B) Even if, as Marcusians have argued, there is a theoretical difference between real and false needs, that difference is obscured in practice by the relationship of consumers to the forces of persuasion in profit-motivated, consumeroriented societies.
(C) Marcusian arguments regarding advertisers’ creation of false needs are mistaken, because individuals are able to make autonomous decisions regarding their needs and are even able to use the elements of mass market culture to achieve genuine fulfillment.
(D) Critics of advertising typically focus on the development of false needs in the consumer and do not fully consider the ability of people to make independent choices by distinguishing their own real needs from the apparent needs that advertising induces.
(E) The problematic distinction that Marcusians have drawn between real and false needs provides an inadequate basis for their attacks on advertising, because the distinction overlooks consumers’ physical and psychological needs.
2. The author states that Marcuse believed that advertisers(A) base many of their manipulative strategies on psychological research findings
(B) appeal to people’s real needs in order to create false needs
(C) are restricted to a degree by regulations prohibiting misinformation
(D) exaggerate the consumer’s need for independent decision-making
(E) deny that the needs they create in people are less real than other needs
3. The main function of the first paragraph is to(A) summarize the political and economic context from which Marcusian critiques of advertising arise
(B) outline the mechanisms by which false needs originate in mass market culture
(C) evaluate the psychological processes by which the manipulative techniques of mass market advertising influence individuals
(D) describe the prevailing views among contemporary critics of advertising and categorize Marcuse’s theories in relation to those views
(E) describe Marcusian views regarding mass market manipulation and indicate their role in certain criticisms of advertising
4. Which one of the following is a claim that the author attributes to Marcuse?(A) In modern society, advertising helps lead people to think that they are satisfied.
(B) Modern societies differ from earlier societies in that they fail to satisfy basic physical needs.
(C) It is impossible to draw any meaningful distinction between real and false psychological needs in modern society.
(D) Advertising in modern society has sometimes become a tool of oppression working to the benefit of totalitarian political systems.
(E) Advertising exploits basic human needs by deriving from them certain secondary needs which, though they become real needs, subtly work to the detriment of consumers.
5. By the term “forces of persuasion” (line 32), the author most probably refers to(A) intentionally dishonest claims that some theorists argue are common in advertising
(B) innate, instinctual drives that some theorists say are fundamental to human behavior
(C) emotional pressures that some theorists claim are exerted over individuals by society as a whole
(D) subtle practices of social indoctrination that some theorists say are sponsored by the state
(E) manipulative influences that some theorists say go unrecognized by those affected by them
6. Which one of the following sentences would most logically complete the passage?(A) Therefore, while in principle there might be grounds for holding that advertising is detrimental to society, the Marcusian critique does not provide such grounds.
(B) Therefore, although Marcusian claims about advertising are rationally justified, the mistake of many recent critics of advertising is in their use of these claims for political gain.
(C) Therefore, any shift in basic assumptions required to correct the abuses of advertising will require a change in the perception of human nature held by corporate leaders.
(D) Therefore, while emphasizing only detrimental social aspects of advertising, Marcusians have failed to consider that such aspects are clearly outweighed by numerous social benefits.
(E) Therefore, the Marcusian critique of advertising is mistaken except in its claim that advertisers exert economic power over those few people who are unable or unwilling to distinguish real from false needs.