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555-605 (Medium)|   Long Passage|   Science|                     
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Hi. Why is (A) wrong for question3? It is mentioned that gravity makes it harder for terrestrial snakes and the lack of neutralizing forces, as is the case in water, makes it harder for terrestrial snakes to maintain vertical positions.

It is true that the snakes are adapted to it, but they have adapted to it because it would have been harder without the adaption.

Option (B) says about the adaptation. It is true that the result of adaptation removes that disadvantage but the question does not explicitly mention IF the adaptation effect needs to be considered.
­The passage specifically tells us that many terrestrial snakes in similar (head-up) spatial orientations do NOT experience this kind of circulatory failure. Why not? Because they have certain adaptations including the waves of muscle contractions and the fact that the heart is close to the head.

That passage describes how these adaptations SOLVE the circulatory problems caused by gravity, so there's no reason to think that those snakes are more likely to be susceptible to circulatory failure in vertical postures than are sea snakes.

As for (B), the passage tells us that the terrestrial snakes do in fact have these adaptations, so we must consider those adaptations when answering the question.

I hope that helps!­
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Hi GMATNinja, shouldn't option A should be - "illustrate what could occur..."

4. The author describes the behavior of the circulatory system of sea snakes when they are removed from the ocean (see highlighted text) primarily in order to

(A) illustrate what would occur in the circulatory system of terrestrial snakes without adaptations that enable them to regulate their blood pressure in vertical orientations
(B) explain why arboreal snakes in vertical orientations must rely on muscle contractions to restore blood pressure to the brain
(C) illustrate the effects of circulatory failure on the behavior of arboreal snakes
(D) illustrate the superiority of the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake to that of the sea snake
(E) explain how changes in spatial orientation can adversely affect the circulatory system of snakes with hearts located in relatively close proximity to their heads
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4. The author describes the behavior of the circulatory system of sea snakes when they are removed from the ocean (see highlighted text) primarily in order to

The passage explains that gravity creates a blood-circulation problem for snakes on land, especially when they are in vertical positions. Sea snakes do not face this problem in water, but when taken out of water and tilted head-up, their blood pressure drops sharply. The author uses this contrast to show what terrestrial snakes would face without special adaptations and then explains the adaptations that help them avoid that problem.

(A) illustrate what would occur in the circulatory system of terrestrial snakes without adaptations that enable them to regulate their blood pressure in vertical orientations

This is correct. The sea snake example shows the circulatory failure that would happen in head-up positions if terrestrial snakes did not have special adaptations.

(B) explain why arboreal snakes in vertical orientations must rely on muscle contractions to restore blood pressure to the brain

This is too narrow. The sea snake example comes before the discussion of arboreal snakes’ muscle contractions and is used more generally to set up the problem of gravity.

(C) illustrate the effects of circulatory failure on the behavior of arboreal snakes

This is wrong. The passage does not describe behavioral effects of circulatory failure in arboreal snakes.

(D) illustrate the superiority of the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake to that of the sea snake

This is too strong. The passage is about different adaptations to different environments, not about overall superiority.

(E) explain how changes in spatial orientation can adversely affect the circulatory system of snakes with hearts located in relatively close proximity to their heads

This is wrong. The sea snake example involves snakes whose hearts can be near the middle of the body, not close to the head.

Answer: (A)
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