Stars create energy through the process of fusion. When a star explode

Stars create energy through the process of fusion. When a star explodes—a phenomenon called a supernova—so much energy is released that heavy metals such as iron and gold are formed, seeding surrounding hydrogen clouds. Newer stars therefore contain more heavy elements in their atmospheres. Heavy elements form the materials that make up our planet (and even human bodies). It is believed that for a system of planets such as our solar system to form around a star during cloud contraction, the presence of these heavy elements in the cloud is a necessity.

A molecular cloud can become unstable and collapse by the force of gravity, overcoming outward thermal pressure of the constituent gases. At a given temperature and density, two critical measures of size, Jeans mass and Jeans length, can be calculated. If the size of the cloud exceeds either of these critical values, gravity will ultimately win, and the probability of eventual cloud contraction is high.

However, some outside influence is still evidently required for a theoretically unstable cloud to initiate collapse. The natural rotation of a galaxy can slowly alter the structure of a cloud, for instance. Surrounding supernovae can generate shockwaves powerful enough to affect the debris in other clouds, forcing the debris inward and possibly causing contraction to begin. One theory states that density waves propagating through spiral structures can also sufficiently stimulate clouds to cause contraction.

1. The author of the passage suggests that cloud contraction may begin in which of the following ways?

I. through the process of fusion
II. explosions of stars within a close enough proximity generate shockwaves that prompt contraction in nearby clouds
III. debris within a cloud is forced outwards

A. I Only
B. II Only
C. III Only
D. I and II Only
E. II and III Only


2. Which of the following inferences about our solar system is best supported by the passage?

(A) Life in the solar system depends on energy from the sun.
(B) When the system reaches a particular size, it can become unstable and begin to collapse.
(C) The natural rotation of the galaxy can alter the galaxy’s structure.
(D) It is believed to have been formed from materials “seeded” into hydrogen clouds.
(E) It produced so much energy when it was formed that heavy elements were generated.


3. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following inhibits interstellar cloud collapse?

(A) supernova explosions
(B) galactic rotation
(C) thermal pressure
(D) gravitational force
(E) density waves