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Updated on: 24 Oct 2020, 09:26
Originally posted by anilnandyala on 17 Oct 2010, 21:53.
Last edited by bM22 on 24 Oct 2020, 09:26, edited 9 times in total.
Last edited by bM22 on 24 Oct 2020, 09:26, edited 9 times in total.
Formatted.
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Question 1
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
58% (03:16) correct
42%
(03:17) wrong
based on 3422
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
69% (01:27) correct 31%
(01:43) wrong
based on 3798
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
44% (01:46) correct 56%
(01:46) wrong
based on 3763
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (01:17) correct 34%
(01:18) wrong
based on 3632
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (01:03) correct 34%
(01:07) wrong
based on 3499
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
92% (00:42) correct 8%
(01:06) wrong
based on 3333
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 7
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
37% (01:40) correct 63%
(01:48) wrong
based on 3321
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 8
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
51% (01:12) correct 49%
(01:21) wrong
based on 3236
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 9
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
74% (00:47) correct 26%
(00:55) wrong
based on 3120
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers’ part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
A is the best answer. In the second paragraph, the author gives the percentages of workers who were unionized in different categories of the public sector in 1977. Forty-six percent of government professionals were unionized; this is greater than the percentage for any of the other categories of unionized workers from among the listed categories of public-sector workers. Therefore, professionals were more likely to belong to unions than were other public-sector workers.
(A) professionals
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers
(E) blue-collar workers
E is the best answer. In lines 17-24, the author describes the reasoning behind the multioccupational unions’ attempt to achieve a fully unionized workplace. This reasoning is provided to explain why “the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them <clerical workers> regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity”(lines 15-17). A helps to explain, but is not explained by, the attempt to achieve a fully unionized work force. An explanation for C is given in lines 4-7. B and D are explained in the second and third paragraphs of the passage.
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization
E is the best answer.
The question asks what would strengthen the author’s claim that a new strategy for unionization has emerged since the mid-1970’s. Lines 30-31 cite the appearance of the new strategy. The paragraphs that follow describe the changed circumstances that provided a context for such new strategies. Lines 70-76 explain precisely how these changed circumstances created a reason for new unionizing strategies. The author’s claim would be strengthened if it could be shown not only that there are such new circumstances, but that the old circumstances discussed in the first paragraph have become less important, further necessitating the adoption of a new strategy in place of an old strategy suitable to those older circumstances.
The question asks what would strengthen the author’s claim that a new strategy for unionization has emerged since the mid-1970’s. Lines 30-31 cite the appearance of the new strategy. The paragraphs that follow describe the changed circumstances that provided a context for such new strategies. Lines 70-76 explain precisely how these changed circumstances created a reason for new unionizing strategies. The author’s claim would be strengthened if it could be shown not only that there are such new circumstances, but that the old circumstances discussed in the first paragraph have become less important, further necessitating the adoption of a new strategy in place of an old strategy suitable to those older circumstances.
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
B is the best answer.
In the first paragraph, the author describes the considerations relevant to a union’s attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers prior to 1975. In lines 2-3, the author notes the fact that most of these clerical workers were women, but does not suggest that this was an important consideration for unionizers.
In the first paragraph, the author describes the considerations relevant to a union’s attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers prior to 1975. In lines 2-3, the author notes the fact that most of these clerical workers were women, but does not suggest that this was an important consideration for unionizers.
(A) the number of clerical workers in that group
(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization
(E) whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
C is the best answer.
According to the author, “the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf,” and this in turn has produced in women “a more positive attitude toward unions”(lines 56-60).
Although other choices describe developments mentioned in the passage, none of these are said to have been a consequence of the women’s movement.
According to the author, “the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf,” and this in turn has produced in women “a more positive attitude toward unions”(lines 56-60).
Although other choices describe developments mentioned in the passage, none of these are said to have been a consequence of the women’s movement.
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multi-occupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
D is the best answer.
In the first paragraph of the passage, the author asserts that efforts to unionize public-sector clerical workers prior to 1975 were limited and then goes on to describe these limited efforts. In the second paragraph, the author asserts that a new strategy developed after 1975 and cites an increase in union membership among public-sector clerical workers. The author begins the last
paragraph by asking what can explain this increase in union membership, and then proceeds to provide an explanation. Thus, the passage is primarily concerned with analyzing and explaining the increase in unionization among public-sector clerical workers.
In the first paragraph of the passage, the author asserts that efforts to unionize public-sector clerical workers prior to 1975 were limited and then goes on to describe these limited efforts. In the second paragraph, the author asserts that a new strategy developed after 1975 and cites an increase in union membership among public-sector clerical workers. The author begins the last
paragraph by asking what can explain this increase in union membership, and then proceeds to provide an explanation. Thus, the passage is primarily concerned with analyzing and explaining the increase in unionization among public-sector clerical workers.
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
C
(A) more women would hold administrative positions in unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unions
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers
(D) unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women
(E) the increase in the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers would have been greater than it has been
A
(A) many workers in the locality were not unionized
(B) the union contributed to political campaigns
(C) the union included only public-sector workers
(D) the union included workers from several jurisdictions
(E) the union included members from only a few occupations
E
(A) prefer smaller workplaces
(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions
(C) maximize job security and economic benefits
(D) side with administrators in labor disputes
(E) quit working prior of retirement age
AEEBCDCAE
22 Aug 2013, 06:12
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These passages are from the old OGs.
I found long passages in some of the portals. These have about 450+ words. When you practise on these passages you have a false idea of the time taken for each question. For example: When I do all the 9 questions and find out the time taken, I find I have done quite well because the total time will be divided by 9 . However, the last few questions will be easier, because I would have got a good grasp of the passage by the 5th question.
However, I need to actually see how long it takes for thE first 4 questions and also the accuracy for the first 4 questions.
I was able to solve the 9 questions in these long passages and found my time per question was only 73 seconds with 7out of 9 questions correct.
But, I was taking 6 minutes for the first 4 questions and the 2 incorrect was always in the first 4. So my accuracy is only 50% .
I don't know how many of you actually understood what I am trying to tell. I suggest you read the passage and answer only the first 4 questions and see your accuracy and time taken. This would help you improve.
In the actual GMAT you get 4 passages of 250 250 250 350 words usually
with 3 3 3 4 questions respectively.
These are my 2 cents...
you may ignore if not useful..
I found long passages in some of the portals. These have about 450+ words. When you practise on these passages you have a false idea of the time taken for each question. For example: When I do all the 9 questions and find out the time taken, I find I have done quite well because the total time will be divided by 9 . However, the last few questions will be easier, because I would have got a good grasp of the passage by the 5th question.
However, I need to actually see how long it takes for thE first 4 questions and also the accuracy for the first 4 questions.
I was able to solve the 9 questions in these long passages and found my time per question was only 73 seconds with 7out of 9 questions correct.
But, I was taking 6 minutes for the first 4 questions and the 2 incorrect was always in the first 4. So my accuracy is only 50% .
I don't know how many of you actually understood what I am trying to tell. I suggest you read the passage and answer only the first 4 questions and see your accuracy and time taken. This would help you improve.
In the actual GMAT you get 4 passages of 250 250 250 350 words usually
with 3 3 3 4 questions respectively.
These are my 2 cents...
you may ignore if not useful..
03 Jan 2018, 18:37
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sananoor
GMATNinja and @GMATNinhaTwo kindly explain question 7
Is this question implies that it was structural change that help rise in unionization in public sector but not in private sector?
Is this question implies that it was structural change that help rise in unionization in public sector but not in private sector?
Quote:
7. The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then
(A) more women would hold administrative positions in unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unions
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers
(D) unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women
(E) the increase in the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers would have been greater than it has been
The third paragraph attempts to answer the question, "What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers?":(A) more women would hold administrative positions in unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unions
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers
(D) unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women
(E) the increase in the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers would have been greater than it has been
- 1) the increase in the number of women in the work force
2) the impact of the women’s movement
3) the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves
The key to question 7 lies in this portion: "The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves." In other words, because unionization did not increase among private-sector clerical workers, we can infer that the third reason was the primary cause. This implies that if unionization HAD increased among private-sector clerical workers, then the third reason would probably not have been the PRIMARY cause. So if reasons 1 and 2 were the main causes, we would expect "an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers." (C) is the best answer.
R999
GMATNinja,Could you please explain the answer for 2nd question
Quote:
2. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) [The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature.] in order to account for why
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization
Consider the preceding sentence: "Receptivity to unionization on the workers’ part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity." Why did the multi-occupational unions want to organize workers regardless of how receptive the workers were to unionization? In other words, why would the unions try to convince workers to join unions even if the workers weren't very interested in joining?(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization
The highlighted sentence answers that very question. The unions feared that politicians and administrators might "play off" unionized against non-unionized workers (i.e. the politicians and administrators would rather let the two groups fight against each other and take advantage of their fighting rather than see the two groups consolidate into a single power). This concern would obviously go away if all workers were unionized, explaining why unions would want to unionize workers who weren't even receptive to the idea of unionization.
Furthermore, a fully unionized public work force meant more power at the bargaining table and in the legislature (i.e. influencing laws affecting workers). Again, this explains why unions would want to unionize all public workers.
So the highlighted portion seeks to explain why "unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization", and choice (E) is the best answer.
I hope that helps!
