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Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved

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Bunuel
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Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink] New post   06 Dec 2022, 02:30
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Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved techniques, equipment, quality of seeds up to global standards, and have reduced wastage in cultivating its most promising crops such as bananas and coffee.

(A) techniques, equipment, quality of seeds up to global standards, and have reduced wastage in cultivating
(B) up to global standards techniques, equipment, quality of seeds, and reduced wastage in cultivating
(C) up to global standards the techniques, equipment, quality of seeds, while reducing wastage in the cultivation of
(D) techniques, equipment, and quality of seeds up to global standards while reducing wastage in the cultivation of
(E) techniques, equipment, quality of seeds up to global standards, and reduced wastage in the cultivation of


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Re: Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink] New post   31 Dec 2022, 01:22
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hsk013

A difference that you're missing is that option D closes out the first list (X, Y, *and* Z) before moving on. This is absolutely essential, and it's a common theme in SC. You can't mix a second parallel verb into the list of objects for the first verb. In general, you always have to close out any list before moving on to other elements of the sentence (unless they are modifying an item in the list).
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Re: Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink] New post   07 Dec 2022, 02:18
A parallelism issue - ..........improved techniques,........, ....., and have reduced.........
B Same as A
C "and" needed to complete a list
D Correct choice
E parallelism issue - ..........improved techniques, equipment, quality of seeds up to global standards, and reduced.........
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Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink] New post   12 Dec 2022, 18:54
I was debating between D and E and ultimately chose E. Why is D the correct answer and not E?

If we strip the sentence down:

D) Recent efforts have improved x, y, z while reducing x, y, z
E) Recent efforts have improved x, y, z, and reduced x, y, z

-Improved and reduced are parallel verb tenses. So I picked E
-But grammatically, I think you can also say improved, while -ing
-But I went with the same verb tense
-Is there a rule that I can learn more about this?
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Re: Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink] New post   31 Dec 2022, 00:59
hsk013 - That's a forced parallelism. Look at the meaning issue.
In option E, If you add the word 'improved' with all the parallel elements, it would say "...improved reduced the ....", which is not correct.
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Re: Recent efforts of Panama's agricultural sector have improved [#permalink]
31 Dec 2022, 00:59
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