The medical name for jet lag, circadian dysrhythmia disrupts virtually

I think that the major issues have mostly been addressed, but let's think about how an expert test-taker would approach this question.

At Manhattan GMAT, we rely mostly on differences among the answer choices, "splits", to tell us what grammatical problems are at issue in the sentence. Sometimes, though, structures in the original sentence signal a grammatical issue.

For instance, if the sentence begins with a modifying phrase or clause, then some of the wrong answers will almost certainly include misplaced modifiers. This sentence begins with the The medical name for jet lag, circadian dysrhythmia.... When a sentence begins noun phrase, noun phrase..., one of those noun phrases is likely an appositive, a noun used as an adjective.

(By the way, I've actually used a couple of appositives in this reply, in differences among the answer choices, "splits", the noun "splits" modifies the noun phrase differences among the answer choices, and in an appositive, a noun used as an adjective, the noun phrase a noun used as an adjective modifies the noun an appositive. )

Because this sentence begins with this structure, let's make sure one of the nouns correctly modifies the other.
In A, the subject of the main clause is not the name "circadian dysrhythmia" but the disorder itself, and the medical name for jet lag describes the name rather than the disorder. Eliminate A.
In B, the name that medical practitioners use for jet lag plausibly modifies the subject circadian dysrhythmia, but that makes the subject of the sentence the name rather than the disorder itself. But surely the name doesn't disrupt the body's systems. Eliminate B.
In C, the phrase the medical name for jet lag incorrectly modifies the subject, which is is the disorder rather than the name of the disorder. Eliminate C.
D doesn't use the same sort of modifier, so let it stand.
E doesn't use the same sort of modifier, so let it stand.

I've assumed here that we look at just one issue at a time, and of course that's not always true, but it's a good discipline. Now we'll have to turn to some other issue to eliminate the remaining wrong answer. Chembeti's account of E is basically right, a clause like as X is known must follow the name it describes, not precede it.

(By the way, as at the beginning of a sentence can be reasonably glossed in quite a number of ways: simultaneously with "As the drug takes effect, you will begin to feel lightheaded"; because, "As you signed a release, we will not be held responsible for the effects of the drug trial"; in the capacity of, "As your doctor, I recommend that you not participate in this trial"; etc.)