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Explanation:

Answer: A
“Suggest” vs. “suggesting”vs. suggested... “have developed” indicates present tense so “suggests”.“Have produced” vs. “may have been producing” (past tense needed).
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I ruled out B , C , D as suggest and may both assert uncertainty of the event, making the construction redundant
Also suggest is subjunctive word which requires plutal verb after that so E is incorrect
Correct me if I am wrong
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Researchers have developed a simple mathematical model that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs produced enough methane to have an important effect on Earth's climate 150 million years ago.

[A] that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs produced
[B] suggesting that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced
[C] to suggest that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced
[D] that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have been producing
[E] that suggested that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs had produced

why B is wrong?

we have to find out why b is wrong or this question is not good
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Researchers have developed a simple mathematical model that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs produced enough methane to have an important effect on Earth's climate 150 million years ago.

[A] that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs produced
[B] suggesting that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced
[C] to suggest that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced
[D] that suggests that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have been producing
[E] that suggested that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs had produced

why B is wrong?

we have to find out why b is wrong or this question is not good

Hi Thangvietnam,

Here option B "may have produced" shows uncertainity.

As per the meaning of the original sentence, researchers have developed some model & that model suggests something happened in the past.(here microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs produced something)

Also option B - distorts the meaning of the original sentence
This choice says Researchers have developed a model which is already suggesting something.
Researchers have developed a simple mathematical model suggesting that microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced enough methane to have an important effect on Earth's climate 150 million years ago.
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The problem of B is at least two fold; it is an accepted style that contents of a reported speech are normally presented in a relative clause that starts with a connector as ‘that’ in order to make the contents essential and clear. B is precisely missing this style by presenting in a modifier, which is a less vital way than a verbed clause. In addition, B by using a speculative ‘may have produced’ adds to the vagueness. B, although grammatically acceptable, is certainly inferior to A.
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A is concise and the correct answer.
may have produced in B hits the wrong road, as if at all some uncertainty needs to be shown, it should use the past modal : might.
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"Suggest" and "may" is redundant in this case to which I agree but here "suggest" has not been used in the subjunctive format. I would rule out "E" because of suggest being used in the past tense. The model is applicable in the present scenario. So past tense cannot be used.
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