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Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. In Britain, skin
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11 Aug 2023, 12:00
11 Aug 2023, 12:00
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Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. In Britain, skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left. Some dermatologists hypothesize that this difference is due to drivers in Britain being directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left since drivers there sit on the right side of the car and have a window on their right.
In evaluating the hypothesis, it would be most useful to determine whether
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
In evaluating the hypothesis, it would be most useful to determine whether
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
Quant Chat Moderator
Joined: 22 Dec 2016
Posts: 3130
Given Kudos: 1857
Location: India
Concentration: Strategy, Leadership
Re: Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. In Britain, skin
[#permalink]
11 Aug 2023, 13:12
11 Aug 2023, 13:12
2
Kudos
Bunuel wrote:
Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. In Britain, skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left. Some dermatologists hypothesize that this difference is due to drivers in Britain being directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left since drivers there sit on the right side of the car and have a window on their right.
In evaluating the hypothesis, it would be most useful to determine whether
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
In evaluating the hypothesis, it would be most useful to determine whether
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
Conclusion of the argument: In Britain, skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left because drivers in Britain are directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left.
Support Provided:
- Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer.
- Drivers in Britain sit on the right side of the car and have a window on their right.
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
This is a trap option. Many refer to 'more than one'. Assume that two people who have never driven a car develop skin cancer. The number will not help us reject the hypothesis that skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left because drivers in Britain are directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left. On the other hand if a significantly greater number of people who have never driven a car develop skin cancer, the information can be considered to cast a doubt on the conclusion. Hence, this option doesn't help us much. We can eliminate A.
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
We don't need to compare whether drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere. The driving styles can be different across different regions, hence without that taken into consideration the information evaluated by this statement will not help much. Let's eliminate B.
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
This is a good option to consider.
If the answer to the question is Yes ⇒ we may want to doubt the conclusion of the argument.
If the answer to the question is No ⇒ the statement strengthens the argument.
Let's keep this option.
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
This is not relevant to evaluating the conclusion. A correct answer is an option that strengthens the conclusion when evaluated using one extreme and weakens the conclusion when evaluated using the other extreme.
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
The presence or absence of preventive measures taken by the drivers doesn't affect the conclusion. The author concludes that greater solar exposure while driving is the cause of cancer on the right side of the face. The statement doesn't help strengthen or weaken the conclusio.
We can eliminate this.
Option C
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Joined: 11 Aug 2023
Posts: 964
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GMAT 1: 800 Q51 V51
Solar radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. In Britain, skin
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13 Aug 2023, 10:07
13 Aug 2023, 10:07
1
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Expert Reply
To answer this question, we must find the choice that is most helpful in evaluating the hypothesis.
The hypothesis is the following:
this difference (skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left) is due to drivers in Britain being directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left
The support for the hypothesis is the following:
drivers there sit on the right side of the car and have a window on their right
We can determine which choice is correct by using the Yes/No test.
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
Notice that this choice is about skin cancer in general rather than about skin cancer on the right or left side of a person's face.
So, since the conclusion is about why "skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left," information on whether "many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer" in general will not help in evaluating the hypothesis.
After all, regardless of whether many people who have never driven a car develop skin cancer, we don't have information on why skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left.
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
Let's say that yes, drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere. That information doesn't tell us anything significant because we don't know how much time drivers elsewhere spend driving during daylight hours. So, even if it's true that "drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere," it could be the case that drivers in Britain spend very little time driving during daylight hours.
Similarly, if we say that no, drivers in Britain do not spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere, we still don't have clear information on how much time drivers in Britain spend driving during daylight hours.
So, regardless of whether we use "yes" or "no" with this choice, we don't get information that's helpful in evaluating the argument.
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
This choice is interesting.
If we say that yes, people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently, then the argument is weakened. After all, in that case, the supposed cause of the difference doesn't appear to make any difference. Regardless of whether people drive or don't drive, they get skin cancer on the right side of the face just as frequently.
On the other hand, if we say that no, people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are not as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently, then the argument is strengthened. After all, in that case, we have more reason to believe that driving is the cause of skin cancer on the right sides of people's faces since, the more they drive, the more frequently they experience skin cancer on the right side of the face.
Keep.
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
Regardless of whether we say that yes, most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed or that no, most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer do not continue to drive after being diagnosed, the information makes no difference because what people do after developing skin cancer has no clear bearing on why they developed skin cancer in the first place.
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
Regardless of whether it's true that many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving, it could also be true that many drivers in Britain do not attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving and that, even if drivers do attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun, the effects of the sun could still cause skin cancer on the right sides of drivers' faces.
Furthermore, neither a "yes" or a "no" with this choice tells us what people do when not driving. So, regardless of whether this choice is true, we don't have information that tells us whether people driving are more protected, less protected, or just as protected from the harmful effects of the sun as people not driving. So, a "yes" or "no" with this choice provides no basis for comparison or differentiation of people driving or not driving.
So, neither a "yes" nor a "no" with this choice has has any effect on the argument.
Eliminate.
The correct answer is (C).
The hypothesis is the following:
this difference (skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left) is due to drivers in Britain being directly exposed to solar radiation on the right side of the face more often than on the left
The support for the hypothesis is the following:
drivers there sit on the right side of the car and have a window on their right
We can determine which choice is correct by using the Yes/No test.
A. many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer
Notice that this choice is about skin cancer in general rather than about skin cancer on the right or left side of a person's face.
So, since the conclusion is about why "skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left," information on whether "many people in Britain who have never driven a car develop skin cancer" in general will not help in evaluating the hypothesis.
After all, regardless of whether many people who have never driven a car develop skin cancer, we don't have information on why skin cancer is more common on the right side of the face than on the left.
B. drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere
Let's say that yes, drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere. That information doesn't tell us anything significant because we don't know how much time drivers elsewhere spend driving during daylight hours. So, even if it's true that "drivers in Britain spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere," it could be the case that drivers in Britain spend very little time driving during daylight hours.
Similarly, if we say that no, drivers in Britain do not spend more time driving during daylight hours than drivers elsewhere, we still don't have clear information on how much time drivers in Britain spend driving during daylight hours.
So, regardless of whether we use "yes" or "no" with this choice, we don't get information that's helpful in evaluating the argument.
C. people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently
This choice is interesting.
If we say that yes, people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently, then the argument is weakened. After all, in that case, the supposed cause of the difference doesn't appear to make any difference. Regardless of whether people drive or don't drive, they get skin cancer on the right side of the face just as frequently.
On the other hand, if we say that no, people in Britain who rarely drive or ride in cars are not as likely to have skin cancer on the right side of the face as those who drive frequently, then the argument is strengthened. After all, in that case, we have more reason to believe that driving is the cause of skin cancer on the right sides of people's faces since, the more they drive, the more frequently they experience skin cancer on the right side of the face.
Keep.
D. most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed
Regardless of whether we say that yes, most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer continue to drive after being diagnosed or that no, most people in Britain who develop skin cancer and who drove prior to developing skin cancer do not continue to drive after being diagnosed, the information makes no difference because what people do after developing skin cancer has no clear bearing on why they developed skin cancer in the first place.
E. many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving
Regardless of whether it's true that many drivers in Britain attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving, it could also be true that many drivers in Britain do not attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun while driving and that, even if drivers do attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the sun, the effects of the sun could still cause skin cancer on the right sides of drivers' faces.
Furthermore, neither a "yes" or a "no" with this choice tells us what people do when not driving. So, regardless of whether this choice is true, we don't have information that tells us whether people driving are more protected, less protected, or just as protected from the harmful effects of the sun as people not driving. So, a "yes" or "no" with this choice provides no basis for comparison or differentiation of people driving or not driving.
So, neither a "yes" nor a "no" with this choice has has any effect on the argument.
Eliminate.
The correct answer is (C).
