Logical arguments are usually classified as either deductive or

A. describing two modes of constructing a logical argument

Incorrect: Partial Scope. This choice barely captures the scope of the first two paragraphs and fails to account for the final one. In addition to describing the two processes, the author also explains them in detail and then evaluates them in the end with respect to how they fare on a particular criterion.

B. explaining two processes while evaluating them on a specific criterion

Correct. The specific criterion mentioned in the choice refers to how scientific these processes are.

C. discussing how neither one of the two mentioned processes is relevant for a scientific approach

Incorrect: Inconsistent. First of all, the author doesn’t say that the processes are not relevant for a scientific approach. He/she says that neither of two approaches is sufficient on its own. Secondly, this discussion is limited to only the third paragraph.

D. establishing how logical arguments are more or less flawed, no matter through which process they are arrived at

Incorrect: Out of Context. The negative points of the two processes are mentioned with respect to evaluating these process in terms of how scientific they are. The author by no means call them illogical. In fact, this statement goes against the following information given to us in the passage:
For example, you note that the probability of becoming schizophrenic is greatly increased if at least one parent is schizophrenic, and from that you conclude that schizophrenia may be inherited. That is certainly a reasonable hypothesis given the data.

E. establishing the supremacy of one process over the other

Incorrect: Opposite. First of all, the two processes are not pitched against each other in terms of which one of two is more credible in its way of developing an argument. Secondly, the author clearly states that neither of two processes is sufficient on its own for a scientific approach.



A. There is no way to be certain whether the theories it provides are fully logical.

Incorrect: Inconsistent. In the second paragraph, the author says that the theories, though logical, cannot be fully proved as correct. Hence, this choice is not consistent with the information given in the passage.

B. A theory arrived at through it is not likely to be the only possible explanation of the observed facts

Correct. This information is a combination of two pieces of information given to us in the second paragraph. First, we are told that:
In other words, you determine what theory or theories could explain the data.
Second, we are told that:
Note, however, that induction does not prove that the theory is correct. There are often alternative theories that are also supported by the data.

C. One can provide a hundred percent proof for the conclusion drawn through it.

Incorrect: Opposite. This statement is made in the first paragraph for the process of deduction. For induction, the author says that one can never be fully sure of the theory one arrives at through it.
Reference (final paragraph):
And, while induction is driven by observation, it never approaches actual proof of a theory.

D. The conclusion arrived at through it are very likely to be causal in nature.

Incorrect: Out of Context. The causal relation drawn between parents behavior/ genetic makeup and children’s chances of developing schizophrenia does not suggest that most of the conclusions arrived at through the process of induction are causal in nature. This relation is specific to the example given to explain the process.

E. One of the reasons it fails to provide a single theory is that no two individuals are likely to interpret a given set of information in the same way.

Incorrect: Out of Scope
Although we are told that there could be more than one theory to explain the data in induction, there is no information regarding the cause of the same.



A. Deduction as a process does not allow for experimentation.

Correct. This information is explicitly given to us in the final paragraph.
Reference:
While deduction gives absolute proof, it never makes contact with the real world; there is no place for observation or experimentation - no way to test the validity of the premises.

B. There are only two ways to classify a logical argument.

Incorrect: Inconsistent. In the first sentence, the author tells us that logical arguments are usually classified in two ways, allowing for the possibility that there could be more, not so often used way of classifying them.

C. The conclusions arrived at through the process of induction do not take in to account any actual reference points.

Incorrect: Opposite. We are clearly told in the second paragraph that:
…in the process of induction, you begin with some data, and then determine what general conclusion(s) can logically be derived from those data.
The data sets are indeed reference points. Hence, this choice states just the opposite of what we are given in the passage.

D. If the premises of the arguments derived through the deduction process are tested, the validity of most such arguments will be jeopardized.

Incorrect: Out of Context. The author says that deduction on its own is not scientific since the premises are never really validated. This does not mean that if the premises are tested, most of them will turn out to be invalid.

E. The process of deduction takes in to account the possibility that the basis of the conclusion is questionable.

Incorrect: Opposite
This statement goes against the information given in the first paragraph.
Reference:
The premises themselves, however, remain unproven and unprovable; they must be accepted on face value, or by faith, or for the purpose of exploration.